One Way Repeated Anova - 1186 Words

One-way repeated measure ANOVA In a one-way repeated measures ANOVA design,each subject is exposed to two or more different conditions, or measured on the continuous scale onthree or more occasions. It can also be used to compare respondents’ responses to two or more questions or items. These questions, hiwever, must be meausred using the same scale.( Likert scale) Example of research question: Is there a change in confidence scores over the three time periods? What you need: One group of participants measured on the same scale on three different occasions or under three different conditions, or each person measured on three different questions or items ( using the same scale). This involves teo variables: ââ€"  one indepenedet variable†¦show more content†¦Chi-Square | df | Sig. | Epsilona | | | | | | Greenhouse-Geisser | Huynh-Feldt | Lower-bound | Time | .342 | 30.071 | 2 | .000 | .603 | .615 | .500 | Tests the null hypothesis that the error covariance matrix of the orthonormalized transformed dependent variables is proportional to an identity matrix. | a. May be used to adjust the degrees of freedom for the averaged tests of significance. Corrected tests are displayed in the Tests of Within-Subjects Effects table.b. Design: Intercept Within Subjects Design: Time | Tests of Within-Subjects Effects | Measure:MEASURE_1 | Source | Type III Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | Sig. | Partial Eta Squared | Time | Sphericity Assumed | 365.867 | 2 | 182.933 | 41.424 | .000 | .588 | | Greenhouse-Geisser | 365.867 | 1.206 | 303.368 | 41.424 | .000 | .588 | | Huynh-Feldt | 365.867 | 1.230 | 297.506 | 41.424 | .000 | .588 | | Lower-bound | 365.867 | 1.000 | 365.867 | 41.424 | .000 | .588 | Error(Time) | Sphericity Assumed | 256.133 | 58 | 4.416 | | | | | Greenhouse-Geisser | 256.133 | 34.974 | 7.323 | | | | | Huynh-Feldt | 256.133 | 35.664 | 7.182 | | | | | Lower-bound | 256.133 | 29.000 | 8.832 | | | | Tests of Within-Subjects Contrasts | Measure:MEASURE_1 | Source | Time | Type III Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | FShow MoreRelatedHeart Disease Prevalence On Healthy Vs Unhealthy Diet1087 Words   |  5 Pagesversus unhealthy diet, it will be depicted on a t-test. How the study will be conducted and the subjects will be explained in more detail. The independent and dependent variables will be mentioned and along with reporting the results. Furthermore, ANOVA and ANCOVA are other statistical tests that will be illustrated in my research study. Research studies are critical to determine results, differences, and relationships as well as the objective of the goal. First of all, the t-test will entail dependentRead MoreInvestigating The Correlation Between Randomized Anova And Repeated Measures Anova?1148 Words   |  5 PagesVariance (ANOVA) is a statistical test that helps researchers narrow the amount of time spent on determining the variance of two or more groups (Trochim Donnelly, 2008). This paper analyzes the components and purpose of the ANOVA test in research. Quantitative Design: Experiments Exercise Ch. 11 2. The difference between randomized ANOVA and repeated measures ANOVA is: Randomized ANOVA – are used to reduce noise and variance data (Trochim Donnelly, 2008). Repeated MeasuredRead MorePhysiotherapy Outcome Measures Essay1684 Words   |  7 Pagesphysiotherapy areas not only in research, but also in clinical practice. Therefore, reproducibility studies are needed to assess the repeatability or consistency of these measurements. The aim of this experiment is to examine the test retest repeatability by one practitioner for an outcome measure in physiotherapy. Seventeen subjects were recruited to participate in this experiment. Three separate readings were taken for each subject on each day on two different occasions. The results showed that there wasRead MoreThe Language Arts Program1379 Words   |  6 Pagesindividual differences in both teachers and students. Describe some suggestions for improving the study’s design. The validity of the study could be improved if the comparison was conducted in the same period. Meanwhile, it is also beneficial to do a repeated-measure design with a pretest; this procedure could help to minimize random and unsystematic differences. Part B: Research Analyses – t-test Results and Discussion A paired samples t test with an a of .05 was used to compare mean amountRead MoreStatistics : A Important Application For Psychology778 Words   |  4 Pagescan use to present data they have collected. Some of the ones more widely used in psychology are the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-tests. Other key statistical points used in explaining relationships between variables, used to interpret data results, and making causal conclusions are statistical significance and Pearson’s R. Both of these help to explain correlations and relationships between two or more variables. To start, one must understand what statistical significance is and whatRead MoreWhat Is Research Design835 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Design This research follows a repeated-measures experimental design. It analyzes the time taken and number of successful passwords decrypted collected by the researchers in a random sample of a leaked database, testing password vulnerability. In more detail, this is a true experimental type of research since it is based on testing various samples, additionally each participant, in this case hashtypes, are tested in their â€Å"natural environment†, the computer. The plan of the experiment isRead MoreStatistical Test For Your Data Analysis1154 Words   |  5 Pagesconsidered moderate. Positive values mean, as one variable gets larger, the other variable also gets larger. Negative values mean, as one variable gets larger, the other variable gets smaller (Cronk, 2014). Study D * Variable 1 is patient s marital status (married or not married); Variable 2 is the patient s degree of self-reported depression (mild, moderate or severe) Answer The Kruskal-Wallis H test is also called the one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) on ranks is a rank-based nonparametricRead MoreAre Groups Designs Are Assuring Group Equivalence At The Start Of A Study?1809 Words   |  8 Pagestreatment, but relies upon matching every subject in one group with an equivalent in another. The idea behind this is that it reduces the chances of an influential variable skewing the results by negating it. The characteristics are that each participant is exposed to only one level of the independent variable. Next, each participant has a matched participant in each of the other conditions, so the groups are correlated. Also, it’s only one measurement per participant on the dependent variableRead MorePsychological Implications Of Interpersonal Attraction1381 Words   |  6 Pagesexplain why interpersonal attraction occurs in social settings. Repeated exposure to a certain stimulus, allows individuals to develop stronger impressions and greater f amiliarity towards the stimulus, promoting interpersonal attraction (Zajonc, 1968), while similarity between individuals enhances initial attraction (Vinacke, Shannon, Palazzo Balsavage, 1988), and allows social validation (Byrne, 1971). Physical attractiveness, one of the most important determinants of interpersonal attractionRead MoreGroup Equivalence At The Start Of A Study1864 Words   |  8 Pages but relies upon matching every subject in one group with an equivalent subject in another. The idea behind this is that it decreases the chances of an influential variable skewing the results by negating it. The characteristics are that each participant is exposed to only one level of the independent variable. Next, each participant has an equally matched participant in each of the other conditions, so that the groups are correlated. Also, only one measurement per participant on the dependent

Gender Differences in Anxiety Disorders - 1129 Words

For my individual paper assignment I chose to summarize three articles containing information about gender difference in anxiety disorders. I found three articles that surrounded the information that I had to explain about my research. The 3 article titles that I will explain in this assignment are gender differences in anxiety disorders, gender differences in panic disorder, and effects of gender on social phobia. The first article is explaining my main topic that I chose for this assignment. The article is about panic disorder, which is a form of an anxiety disorder. The last article is about social phobia, which is also another form of an anxiety disorder. Between these articles that I have chosen, I hope to conclude with†¦show more content†¦Premenstrual hormonal fluctuations may partially explain the increased incidence of panic disorder in women. These fluctuations may also be explained for the increased frequency of respiratory-related symptoms in women with pa nic disorder. Everything that was explained through this article and the other one listed above both shows that studies indicate a higher female to male ratio in panic disorder. They conclude this article by stating that various theoretical explanations for these differences point to possible physiological differences, including the possible influence of sex hormones on respiration. As shown throughout these two articles, women suffer from anxiety disorders way more than then men do. The final article that I chose to present my information on my topic is title as the effects of gender on social phobia. The article starts off by explaining there is at least tow million people in the United States that suffer from a social phobia in any given 12-month period. Social phobia which is a form of an anxiety disorder, consists of the fear of situations in which the person could be scared by others and the anxiety that he or she might perform an action that bring about humiliation and embarrassment. There are two categories of social phobia that need to be discussed. The firstShow MoreRelatedPsychodynamic Therapy948 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough CBT is the most widely practiced psychological therapy for treating anxiety disorders, there are also a number of others, such as psychodynamic therapy (PDT). PDT focuses on helping the patient to become aware of repressed desires and emotions, as well as the hidden meanings in their thoughts and actions, in order to help ma nage their disorder (Psychotherapy - NHS Choices, 2015). In the treatment of anxiety, research has shown that PDT is significantly more effective than control conditionsRead MoreSocial Anxiety And Its Effects On The World1738 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing specific to certain things or situations. Social anxiety is listed differently in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.), with criteria almost identical to those of social phobia with the exception that the fear be out of proportion in frequency and/or duration (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Its symptoms range from blushing and profuse sweating to heart palpitations and panic attacks. Social anxiety is one of the top psychological problems in the UnitedRead MoreThe Anxiety Of Anxiety And Depression1030 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Mayo Clinic, if you have a mood disorder, your mood or emotional state changes dramatically, independent of your external conditions. The unrelenting factor of anxiety and depression is what separates them from common emotions (Mayoclinic.org) Depression is commonly mistaken for a case of the blues, or even laziness. The idea that if you want to change how you feel you can is a reoccurring thought. But, there is a key difference between sadness and depression. People with depressionRead MoreVariations in the Experience of Depression1302 Words   |  5 PagesGender Differences in Depression This focus elaborates the place of gender in determining depression levels. It states that females experience twice as much depression as men. This is as a result of social forces and cognitive behavioral differences between women and men. The focus notes that women in communities with distinct traditional gender roles tend to have higher stress levels than societies where there are no major divides between gender roles. There are various factors that cause womenRead MoreA Research Study On Social Anxiety1462 Words   |  6 PagesThis review is conducted with the purpose of providing detailed summary of available research literature about social anxiety in adolescent and to further explore the literature supporting cognitive behavioural therapy for the treatment of social anxiety disorder in adolescent. As in literature, three processes describe the adolescent development and these are termed as biological, cognitive and socio-emotional (Santrok, 2001). Biological process states tha t every individual has a unique and matchlessRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder ( Ocd )1321 Words   |  6 PagesHowell In the field of Psychology there are a number of psychological disorders as well categories in which these disorders are placed. Psychological disorders are categorized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; the manual is now in its fifth edition, which is known as the DSM-5. In the DSM-5, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is categorized with other compulsive disorders. Obsessive-Compulsive disorder, also known as OCD, is a condition â€Å"marked by persistent, uncontrollableRead MoreThe Prevalence Of Mental Illness1348 Words   |  6 Pagessecond by 2030. (Langlois et al., 2011) One of the greatest concerns is that many in need of mental health services are not receiving treatment. Adolescence is a vulnerable period for the onset of mental illness and gender differences are evident in terms of prevalence and causation. Gender specific mental health services should be incorporated into the Canadian school system to promote mental health among adolescents, iden tify those who require individualized services and reduce the stigma associatedRead MoreEssay on Social Phobia Disorder1149 Words   |  5 Pagesphobia is a kind of disorder, which involves fear regarding societal situations and accomplishable destructive criticism. Social phobia is the greatest general psychiatric problem in epidemiological examination, with estimation of life time occurrence in western circle as more as 16%. Common phobia generally come out in adolescence and is associated with deep distress, destruction and comorbid problem. Females in clinical trials are higher possible than males to social anxiety disorder, with various neuroscienceRead MorePsychological Impact On Substance Abuse Prevention1164 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States. About 2.7 million women in the United States abuse drugs or alcohol. Women typically enter rehab sooner than men, but they have more psychological distress, and are more likely to suffer from a mood or anxiety disorder (Liff, 2012). Most research on gender-based differences in addiction treatment has focused on organizational issues (such as the greater need to provide women with child care and employment training) rather than on pharmacology. Where addiction really takes a toll is emotionallyRead MoreGender Differences In Autism Spectrum Disorder980 Words   |  4 PagesMeta-Analysis- Investigating the genetic and prognostic Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Introduction: While Autism Spectrum disorder (ASD) has been researched extensively, the role of gender in this disease is still poorly understood. With a 4:1 gender distribution in the diagnosis of ASD, many research studies have attempted to explain this difference (Fombonne,2009). Current research has theorized about various different etiologies for this gender discrepancy, such as a female protective effect

High performance organizations free essay sample

A High Performance Organization is an organization that achieves results that are better than those of its peer group over a longer period of time, by being able to adapt well to changes and react on these quickly, by managing for the long term, by setting up an integrated and aligned management structure , by continuously improving its core capabilities, and by truly treating the employees as its main asset. We can also define High Performance Organization as the combination of self-managing work teams, employee involvement, total quality management, flexible production practices, and a learning orientation. The following summarizes all the definitions: (1) Creating flexible, high-performing, learning organizations is the secret to gaining competitive advantage in a world that won’t stand still. (2) Self-managed teams and decentralization of decision making as the basic principles of organizational design. (3) Employee involvement, participative management, democratic management, and total quality management. (4) Extraordinary capable people, working in teams, equipped with proper technology, focused on satisfying the customer and improving work processes. In today’s age of extreme competition and increasing demands, managers of modern organizations are expected to excel. As it is the task of every manager to realize the goals of the organization by achieving outstanding performance in the organizational unit he or she is responsible for, managers are under great pressure to deal effectively with trends and developments. The management of organizations is primarily interested in those factors that are important for achieving consistently good results. Characteristics with regard to the organizational design, structure, processes, technology, leadership, people, and culture, and the external environment which seem to influence the ability of organizations to achieve high performance ,can guide managers as to which actions they need to take to lead their organizations to superior results. By identifying the characteristics of HPOs, organizations hope to be able to improve themselves in a focus way so they can start achieving sustainable performance. The Characteristics are: 1. ORGANIZATIONAL DESIGN A HPO stimulates cross-functional and cross-organizational collaboration by making teamwork and collaboration top priorities of management. A HPO simplifies and flattens the organization by reducing boundaries and barriers between and around units, thus getting rid of bureaucracy and organizational complexity. 2. STRATEGY A HPO balances long-term focus and short term focus in order to safeguard the long-term continuity of the business and its contribution to the world. A HPO sets clear, ambitious, measurable and achievable goals which raise levels of aspiration and thereby create a sense of stretch by new innovations , processes and services thus constantly creating new sources of competitive advantage by rapidly develop new products and services to respond to market changes. 3. QUALITY OF MANAGEMENT A HPO maintains trust relationships with people on all organizational levels by valuing employees’ loyalty, treating smart people smart, showing people respect, creating and maintaining individual relationships with employees, encouraging belief and trust in others, and treating people fairly. Managers of excellent organizations are honest, decisive, action-oriented, performance-oriented, effective, self-confident and have a strong leadership style. 4. CULTURE A HPO establishes clear ,strong and meaningful core values and makes sure they are widely shared within the company. Only make commitments that are aligned with the core values as it is essential to achieve sustainable high performance. Celebrate successes daily. 5. INDIVIDUALS AND THEIR ROLES A HPO creates a learning organization by continuously investing in training and upgrading of skills, identifying and accessing new competencies. The more training given to employees, the more committed they will be to the organization. Effective training program can lead to greater employee commitment and less employee turnover and hence more stable workforce. 6. LEADERSHIP Leaders of a HPO develop an effective, focused and strong management style by communicating the values and by making sure the strategy has been received and embraced by organizational members. Employees of HPO believe their senior leadership team goes out of their way to acknowledge and thank people for their contribution. 7. EXTERNAL ORIENTATION By External orientation we mean the relation with the clients , stakeholders and customers. A HPO should have a level of commitment with their customers, if they did not, they would not survive. They understand their customer’s needs and deliver services that meet those needs, they build loyalty and eventually build advocacy. Those customers then become vocal supporters which breed new customers and further success. EXAMPLES OF HIGH PERFORMANCE ORGANISATIONS Toyota Kirloskar Auto Parts, explained that the company believes its people to be its strength and has a top-down approach to training. The strategy is that all operations should be defined, the work very clearly distributed and the team member’s job should be made simple and easily visible. MindTree Consulting: There are no ready-made recipes for attracting and retaining talent. MindTree learnt in the six years of its existence in the knowledge industry was that they were in a people’s business and hence they had to listen to people and understand their aspirations. MindTree’s employees are its brand ambassadors, with 50% of the organisation’s recruitment coming through employee referrals. SASKEN: Sasken decided that the three most important aspects of the organization were competence, commitment and character. The organization ensured competence by hiring the best talent. To build affective commitment, it worked on its purpose of creating brand India and unleashing Indian creativity by harnessing technology potential and demonstrating its concern. The character of the company, which was defined as consistency of behavior across time, was put to the test during the downturn when all employees took a 20% cut in their salaries, demonstrating an equal sense of ownership. IBM Global Services India : Elaborated on the trends emerging in the global market. Believes in giving attention to customer focus, ‘value-adding’ growth, innovation, the key ‘people’ factor, and building scale, branding and communication. CONCLUSION People are our most important asset and the human resource management (HRM) is an essential function in organizations that affects the quality of organizational performance (OP). Most of the high performance companies such as Apple, Toyota, General Electric (GE), IBM and Google have proved that management systems that encourage commitment and competence of people achieve greater productivity. The HPO study shows that there is a direct relation between the HPO factors and competitive performance. Organizations which pay more attention to HPO factors and score high on these consistently achieve better results than their peers, in every industry and sector . The difference between HPOs and non-HPOs is particularly significant in the case of HPO factor Quality of management: HPOs pay considerably more attention to the designated aspects of long-term commitment than non-HPO organizations, and are therefore able to improve their performance significantly. All HPO factors are interrelated. It should be kept in mind that, because organizations and environments are continually evolving, improvement in ideas and practices need to be adapted to the times. HPO managers are flexible and creative enough to not let such a downfall happen so that they can make and keep their organization world-class. Challenges that A HPO can face could be: Need to be aware that outputs include not only the product or service provided, but also impact on quality of life of organizational members, impact on society through activities. Smooth integration of all components needed might not be easy because of the following: Resistance from employees (e. g. , prefer individual work) Resistance from managers (fear loss of traditional role; uncomfortable with move to being facilitators and coaches) Training development of middle managers, whose roles are drastically changing and who may resist.

What is at is Optimal Rate of Inflation an Example of the Topic Economics Essays by

What is at is Optimal Rate of Inflation? The optimal Inflation rate can be negative, zero or slightly positive or can be any rate. The optimum rate depends on the economic perspective of the monetary Authorities and political imperatives. (Pally.T, 1998) That means the monetary policy can be based on the Friedman perspective, Neo Keynesian perspective and other economic models such as neo-classical perspectives as well it also depends on the experiences and unique market conditions in goods, labor market financial market and how they form expectation of inflation and how they react to inflation and the combination of perspectives used to determine the optimum rate of inflation. ( Akerlof G. A, Dickens.WT.Perry.L.G,2000) Need essay sample on "What is at is Optimal Rate of Inflation?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Friedman perspective of optimum rate of inflation under perfect market conditions. University Students Often Tell EssayLab writers:I'm don't want to write my essay. Because I don't have the timeSpecialists suggest: Academic Papers For SaleAcademic Writing Services Buy Essay Online Cheap Essay Company College Essay Writing Service In a perfect economy any goods is priced at its marginal cost. (Sinclair.P Nominal rate of interest is composed of two elements.(Sinclair.P They are the real interest rate, which is positive in the long-term and expected inflation. (Sinclair.P If the nominal interest rate is zero and optimal means having a monetary framework where the prices are declining and inflation to be negative to keep the nominal interest rate negative or prices are expected to keep declining not the optimum rate of inflation positive but negative there fore under Friedman perspective discussed above the optimum rate of inflation must be negative. (Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco 1997). The case for positive or zero optimum rate of inflation In a neo-classical perspective the long-term Philip curve is vertical at non-accelerating Inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU).(Hoover.K.D). That is in their perspective if government wants to reduce unemployment to reduce further than NAIRU it can achieve in the short term however the market will tend gravitate towards NAIRU in the log-term and the rate of inflation will be more than before.(Hoover.K.D). If it controls inflation say my monetary policy at NAIRU the inflation rate will come down n the short-term however in the long-term the inflation will come back to the NAIRU level. .(Hoover.K.D). In their perspective optimum rate of inflation can be any rate given the structural market conditions in an economy and the fiscal and monetary policies adopted. They assume the market will always gravitate towards the NAIRU as there exist no price rigidities or stickiness in prices and wages as well all economic participants are rational in forming inflation expectation and react to inf lation in a completely rational manner. .(Hoover.K.D). However most monetary authorities even they have some faith in the NARU they have inflation targeting policies or to determine optimum inflation rate or to control inflation to this target rate my monetary and fiscal policy initiatives.(Palley.T 1998). However there are plausible arguments to have a slightly positive inflation rate by many economists. They prefer some neo-Keynesian perspectives and some perspectives of neo classical but have their own assumption regarding how economic agents form inflation expectation and particularly how they react to inflation. The fundamental arguments are in a real market economy prices and nominal wages are sticky and minimum inflation has the effect of reducing the market power and help reduce prices. .(Sinclair.P In practice economy has occasional recessions which may be a symptom of market failure and the nominal rate cannot be zero if they are to be cut to boost aggregate demand and there fore the optimum inflation rate cannot be negative.( Sinclair.P In practice economy has occasional recessions which may be a symptom of market failure and the nominal rate cannot be zero if they are to be cut to boost aggregate demand and there fore the optimum inflation rate cannot be negative. .(Sinclair.P The effect of reducing the market power and help reduce prices. .(Sinclair.P In practice economy has occasional recessions which may be a symptom of market failure and the nominal rate cannot be zero if they are to be cut to boost aggregate demand and there fore the optimum inflation rate cannot be negative. .(Sinclair.P The effect of reducing the market power and help reduce prices. (Sinclair.P In practice economy has occasional recessions which may be a symptom of market failure and the nominal rate cannot be zero if they are to be cut to boost aggregate demand and there fore the optimum inflation rate cannot be negative. .(Sinclair.P In addition a mild inflation, which is positive make less attractive to hold currency and may be a breaker of the damage caused by the retail-banking sector. .(Sinclair.P Public finance consideration, which is the cause of market failure means that it is reasonable to tax money by mild inflation. .(Sinclair.P There is evidence to support that a mild inflation may lower-unemployment in the longer term. For example for the US Unemployment minimizing rate of annual inflation by Akerlof, Dickson and Perry to be some where between 1.5% and 4%..(Sinclair.P As well Aherlof, Dickson and Perry argued that modest inflation have an effect of clearing the market and lower unemployment. .(Sinclair.P Wyplosz looks at the data for France, Germany, Switzerland and Netherlands and concludes that inflation is not completely independent of unemployment of the rate of inflation and tally with the view that with a little inflation helps to cut unemployment not temporarily. .(Sinclair.P But it does not tell how high the inflation must be and these findings cannot be extrapolated for other countries and in time periods because of many reasons. .(Sinclair.P The public finance argument is supported by Phelps and he argues that if public goods and transfers have to be financed by the wasteful distortionary tax es why should money holdings go un taxed and taxing money may alleviate such distortions and it may also tax informal-economy transactions which are normally conducted by cash. .(Sinclair.P Conclusion The above analysis at least suggests that a slight optimum rate of inflation is plausible at least in the advanced industrialized countries. However the optimum rate of inflation can be different for different countries because of the different monetary Institutional structure and policy framework as well due to different market conditions and differences in the behavior of economic agents. How ever in a real market economy there are plausible arguments in favor of positive mild inflation rather than negative optimum inflation. This is at least empirically true on many advanced industrialized countries. The Friedman perspective of optimum negative inflation is not applicable at least in the advanced industrialized countries because of the plausible arguments discussed above and the empirical evidence supporting it. The determinants of the optimal inflation rate can also be in a policy level can also be influences in actual practice by political considerations and may change over time because of different economic models applied because of the usefulness and its theoretical and practical usefulness given the conditions and institutional changes and changes in the actual behavior of the economic agents. However given the complexity of economic workings and the occurrences of recessions and nominal rigidities and market imperfections in the labor market in particular empirically suggests that inflation targeting or the search for low-unemployment Optimum inflation rate is plausible monetary policy at least in the more advanced Industrialized countries. Bibliography Akerlof. G.A Dickens.W.T Perry.G.L. (2000). Near-Rational Wage and Price setting and Optimal Rate of Inflation. Retrieved February 27, 2007, from http://eml.berkeley.edu//~akerlof/docs/inflatn-employm.pdf Economist.Com, Falling Inflation is a World Wide Worry. (2001). Jubilee Research. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. (1997). What is the Optimal Rate of Inflation, Economic Research & Data. Hoover.K.D. Phiilips Curve, The concise Encyclopedia of Economics Palley. T (1998). Zero is not the Optimum Rate of Inflation. Sinclair.P & Norman. H (2003) The Optimal rate of Inflation: an academic perspective, Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin.