Individualism and Collectivism Culture Theories Essay -- Culture

Independence and Collectivism are two acknowledged speculations that are ordinarily utilized when managing one’s culture and political perspectives. As indicated by Kemmelmeier, H. M. furthermore, Coon, Individualism and Collectivism ideas has been utilized to â€Å"depict, explain, and imagine uniqueness in people’s feeling, conduct, standards, attribution, self observation, socialization, and communication.† Nonetheless, independence and cooperation has shared some common perspectives just as muddled positions on humankind, the demeanor of individuals, the alliance of society and the qualities of individuals in the individualistic culture. Independence and Collectivism have shared objectives, in any case they concedes to what ought to be accomplish, yet their feeling vary by they way we ought to accomplish what should be accomplished. Numerous savants has pinpointed a distinction in these two hypotheses clarifying that â€Å"societies can be differentiated alo ng an individualistic-collectivistic pivot, with those toward the individualistic end underscoring the â€Å"I† and those toward the opposite end stressing the â€Å"we† in pondering, assessing, and authorizing informative conducting.† Individualism has been related with the I-character and cooperation being related with the We-personality. In utilizing these pronouns as distinguishing proof it talks volume as what every hypothesis is about. The independence or the I-character has been sort as people that place accentuation on themselves or their close family, it has been apparent that specific nations has tried this personality, for example, The United States of America, Australia, France, and Canada. Maverick incorporate their ways of life encircle self completion and individual accomplishment; they trust in balance bu... ...fstede, G. (2009, June). Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture (Unit 17, Chapter 14).  ©International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology. Donal Carbaugh, Intercultural Theory [on-line] Available from http://eco.ittralee.ie/individual/theories_III.php#1; Internet. Lustig, Myron and Jolene Koester. 1998. Intercultural Competence: Interpersonal Communication Across Cultures (third Ed.). (Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1998), 30. Coon, H.M. and Kemmelmeier M. (2001) Cultural direction in the United States. (re) analyzing contrasts among ethnic gatherings. Diary of Cross Cultural Psychology 32, 348-364 Stella Ting-Toomey. (2005). The lattice of Face: An Updated Face-Negotiation Theory,† in William Gudykunst, Ed., Theorizing about intercultural correspondence. Sage Publications. 71-92.

Construct validity free essay sample

Whats Up with Payday Loans in Kansas City

Whats Up with Payday Loans in Kansas City What’s Up with Payday Loans in Kansas City? What’s Up with Payday Loans in Kansas City?How Many Payday Lenders in Kansas City, MO Have Been Ordered to Pay Settlements in the Past Two Years?You give up? Four. The answer is four.That’s right. In the past two years, four payday lenders lenders in the Kansas City-area have paidâ€"or at least been ordered to payâ€"financial settlements to the US government as a result of unethical business practices.So What Gives?Turns out, Kansas City, MO is something of a hub for payday lenders. In Fact, Kansas City alt weekly The Pitch has called Kansas City, “the payday-lending capital of North America.[1] These are businesses that offer short-term, high-interest loans to people who need cash and don’t have (or don’t believe they have) better options available to them.In each of these cases, it was determined that these payday lenders were taking advantage of customersâ€"usually through misleading terms, confusing loan agreements, and interest rates as high as 700%.One of these lender s, so-called “payday loan mogul” and, umm, professional racecar driver, Scott Tucker, was just handed a $1.266 billion judgment in federal court. That’s the largest settlement in Federal Trade Commission (FTC) History.Another lender, Walter Mosely Sr., whose case had not yet been decided, was arrested on the same day as Tucker on similar charges.[2] Mosely’s lending group, by the way, was called Hydra Lenders which … come on, that isn’t even subtle. If you’re going to start a predatory lending business, maybe picking the same name as the very famous bad guys from Captain America isn’t a great idea.Then there are Tim Coppinger and Ted Rowland, two payday lenders who also settled with the FTC over charges of deceptive and unethical lending. Coppinger was ordered to pay $32 million and Rowland was ordered to pay $22 million.[3]So whats being done about it?If you want to know whats going on with payday lending in America, check out whats happening in Kansas City, Mo.Sinc e Kansas City is an industry hub for payday lending, its clearly drawing a lot of attention. For instance, it is no coincidence that the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau chose Kansas City of all places to announce their new rules to crack down on predatory payday lending. If you want to know whats going on with payday lending in America, check out whats happening in Kansas City, Mo.And what is happening with payday loans in Kansas City right now is exactly what  should  be happening. The federal government is stepping in, investigating reports of abuse and issuing heavy fines to lenders who have engaged in unethical behavior. Did you know that the $1.266 billion dollar settlement against Scott Tucker the largest settlement in the FTCs history? Sounds like theyre taking this seriously.At OppLoans, we believe in being socially responsible, and in issuing loans that our customers can afford to repay. People with less-than-perfect credit deserve better than payday loans in Kansas Ci ty, and everywhere else. So for the sake of borrowers in Kansas City, and around the country, we hope to see lots more stories like these ones in the months and years to come.References:Vockrodt, S. “KC’s dethroned online payday lenders aren’t gaming the feds anymore.” Retrieved October 12, 2016 from http://www.pitch.com/news/feature-story/article/20553808/payday-lending-kansas-city-joel-tuckerMcGuire, D., Rosen, S. Campbell, M. “KCC payday lenders Scot Tucket and Richard Moseley Sr. indicted in federal crackdown.” Retrieved October 10, 2016 from http://www.kansascity.com/news/business/article59551056.htmlHudnall, D. “Unpacking the FTCs payday-lending settlement with Tim Coppinger and Ted Rowland.” Retrieved October 12, 2016 from http://www.pitch.com/news/article/20562219/unpacking-the-ftcs-paydaylending-settlement-with-tim-coppinger-and-ted-rowland

Glyph A Word With Several Meanings Across Many Disciplines

The word glyph comes from the French gylphe meaning an ornamental groove in sculpture of architecture. The term glyph has a number of meanings across different disciplines. In archeology, for instance, a glyph is a written or inscribed symbol. A good example would be the famous hieroglyphics of ancient Egypt. A glyph may be a pictogram, which conveys a particular object or action with a picture. It can also be an ideogram, where the symbol is intended to invoke an idea. The bar across the letter U on a No U-turns sign is an example of an ideogram, as it communicates that a particular action is prohibited. A glyph may also convey a sound, just as the letters of the alphabet are glyphs. Another way to use glyphs for written language is through logograms. A logogram is a sign or character representing a word or phrase. Emojis, the images commonly used in texting, are beginning to become logograms; however, the intent of each symbol is not always clear. Glyphs in Typography Typography is the art style and technique of arranging written words. Making the words legible is the key for a designer focusing on this visual component of text. In typography, a glyph is the specific shape of a letter in a particular font or typeface. The letter A looks different as represented by different typefaces, and the glyphs vary. However, the meaning of the letters remains constant throughout various typographical presentations. Accented letters and punctuation marks are examples of glyphs in typography. Glyphs for Kids Much like hieroglyphics, glyphs can be used by children as a  way to gather and depict data. For example, consider a situation where children are presented with a drawing of a shirt. The instructions  for the activity is to color the shirt a particular hue if the student is a boy or a girl. After the picture is completed, the reader of the symbol learns something about the child who created the glyph. A  legend is also a part of the activity, explaining what each shape or picture used stands for. Glyphs can be used in a range of subjects like the sciences, math, and social studies. Using glyphs is a great way to teach kids about symbols, which has wide application in various fields of study.   More Ways to Use Glyphs Glyphs aren’t limited to use in schools or for kids’ learning activities. They are often used in medicine as a way to record information. For example, doctors may use a pictorial outline of the human body to record injuries. Dentists have a picture chart of teeth that they use to draw in the location and shape of cavities and other dental anomalies. In computing and information technology, a glyph is a graphical symbol which is used to represent a character. For example, the letter A is always the letter A, and although it sounds the same whenever we pronounce it,  the glyph for the A in different fonts  doesn’t always look the same. Nevertheless, it’s recognizable as the letter A. In fact, if youve ever taken an airline flight, youve seen glyphs in the emergency cards in front of your seat. From assembling Lego models to IKEA furniture, the glyph is a helpful way to present information and guide processes.

Secure and Insecure Attachment - Paper - 1038 Words

STAGES OF ATTACHMENT Secure and Insecure Attachment Elif Ercanli Johnson County Community Collage Attachment is a lasting emotional bond between people. According to Berger (2011) it begins before birth, solidifies age, and influences relationships throughout life. The concept of attachment was originally developed by John Bowlby (1969,1973,1988), a British developmentalist influenced by psychoanalytic theory and ethology, the study of animals, a precursor to evolutionary psychology. ( Schore, 2001)Attachment theory is fundamentally a theory of the development of the personality over the lifespan (Ainsworth amp; Bowlby, 1992) Stages of Attachment Birth to 6 weeks: Preattachment. Newborns signal, via crying and body movements, that they†¦show more content†¦12 to 18 years New attachment figures. Teenagers explore and make friendships on their own, using their working models of earlier attachments as a base. With more advanced, formal operational thinking (Piaget), physical contact is less important; share ideals and goals are more influential. 18 years on Attachment revisited. Adults develop relationship with others, especially relationships with romantic partners and children, influenced by earlier attachment patterns. Past insecure attachments from childhood can be repaired rather than repeated, although this does not always happen. According to kallen attachment is classified into four types, labeled A, B, C, and D. Insecure-avoidant attachment (A) A patterns of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregivers, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver’s presence, departure, or return. Secure attachment (B) A relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver. Insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment (type C) A pattern of attachment in which anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when an infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregivers and both resists and seeks contact on reunion. Disorganized attachment (type D) A type of attachment that is marked by an infant’s inconsistent reactions to the caregiver’s departure and return. Types A and C is characterized by fear, anxiety,Show MoreRelatedJohn Bowlby s Theory Of Attachment1423 Words   |  6 Pagestheory of attachment asserts that an infant forms an attachment to the primary caregiver to ensure survival. Developmental psychologist Mary Ainsworth furthered this idea by devising attachment styles in infants. Ainsworth believed that the quality of care given by the mother or primary caregiver results in the infant developing a secure or insecure attachment. Ainsworth identified three attachment styles, namely; secure, avoidant and anxious/ambivalent attachments. As the word infers, a secure infantRead MoreThe Effects Of Childhood Maltreatment On Children And Families1112 Words   |  5 Pagesand others are created (Marmarosh Tasca, 2013 and Snyder, Shapiro, Treleaven, 2012). These experiences are associated with the development of neural pathways in the brain that control responses to stress (Marmarosh Tasca, 2013), and impact attachments and relations hips in adulthood (Snyder, Shapiro, Treleaven, 2012). The diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has been used for nearly three decades (Kisiel, Fehrenback, Torgersen, 2014). It has been proposed that the various consequencesRead MoreThe Emotional Bond Between A Parent And Their Child1469 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Bowlby theorized attachment as the emotional bond between a parent and their child (Stevenson-Hinde, 2007). How secure this bond is can influence a variety of areas in the child’s development. A parent can secure this attachment by how they interpret and respond to their child’s needs. There are four attachment patterns that can form, secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized. A child who is secure in their attachment is able to regulate their emotions in stressful situations, exploreRead MoreThe Between Seven And 11 Months Of Age991 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween seven and 11 months of age, there is a strong show of attachment as well as an inclination towards a specific caregiver. Separation from the specific caregiver results in protests and anxiety when placed around strangers, a phenomenon Immordino-Yang and Damasio (2011) refered to as separation anxiety and stranger anxiety respectively. In the multiple attachments stage, just after nine months, children start forming emotional bonds beyond the primary figure they were previously attachedRead MoreChildhood Attachment Disorders And Its Effects On The Developing Brain1473 Words   |  6 PagesInsecure attachments in childhood can have a profound impact on the developing brain, which in turn affects an individual’s relationships, self-esteem, and self-regulation. Substance use disorders are a common response to unresolved childhood pain which is perpetuated by the inability to self-soothe and regulate one’s emotions. Those with undiagnosed attachment disorders can exhibit misguided attempts at protecting oneself through the use of substances. Studies with children suggest that reactiveRead MoreLevels Of Attachment And The Quality Of The Parent Child Relationship Essay1736 Words   |  7 Pageson levels of attachment and the quality of the parent-child relationship starting at birth and moving up through infancy. These studies have found that the infants involved in the study could be categorized as either having a secure or insecure attachment to their caregivers. Some children grow secure attachments with the caretaker from the daycare and thus have weaker relationships with their parents. Researchers have found that there could be variations on how critical the attachment is effectedRead MoreThe Measure Of Attachment Style Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesMeasure of Attachment Style Naseem Ahmad1, Azmat Jahan2, Nasheed Imtiaz3 1. Research scholar, Department of Psychology, AMU, Aligarh. 2. Research Scholar, Department of Psychology, JMI, New Delhi. 3. Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, AMU, Aligarh. __________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: __________________________________________________________________________________ This paper describes the development and standardization ofRead MoreI Will Be Using Emotion Focused Therapy1520 Words   |  7 PagesI will be using Emotion Focused Therapy, and in particular will concentrate on Attachment Theory within EFT to conceptualize Ally’s presenting difficulties that she came to therapy for. A key premise of Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) is that emotion is foundational in the construction of the self and is a key element of self organization (Greenberg, 2004). Emotions are seen as an adaptive form of information-processing and action readiness that orients people to their environment, and promotes theirRead MoreThe Core Tenets Of Social Defense Theory Essay1156 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Despite its roots in evolutionary theory, attachment theory has long split itself into two factions: adaptive and maladaptive. For years, insecure attachment has been implicated as one of the root causes for a number of psychological concerns (Dozier, Stovall-McClough, Albus, 2008). The development of social defense theory, however, provides an entirely new interpretation of attachment – that all attachment dispositions (secure, anxious, and avoidant) have access to different cognitiveRead MoreRelationship Between Security Of Attachment And Cognitive Development1513 Words   |  7 Pagesof attachment and cognitive development creates the underlying foundation from which individual’s operate throughout the lifespan (Carruth, 2006). The security of attachment between an infant and their primary caregiver can have profound consequences for the developing brain, impacting an infant’s future relationships, self-esteem, and ability to self-regulate emotions (Carrut h, 2006). Attachment theory, first theorized by John Bowlby (1988), stresses the significance of secure attachments in relation

Caribbean Studies Free Essays

CARIBBEAN STUDIES QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS: CAPE 2005 MODULE ONE: CARIBBEAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE 1. Identify the geographical sub-region to which St Lucia, Grenada and Antigua belong. (1 mark) – The Lesser Antilles 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Caribbean Studies or any similar topic only for you Order Now Name the chain of islands in the Caribbean which is located entirely in the Atlantic Ocean. (1 mark) * The Bahamas * 3. Explain what is meant by a ‘historical’ definition of the Caribbean region. (2 marks) * This describes those islands that saw the impact of colonialism, slavery and indentureship 4. Identify TWO of the boundaries of the ‘geological’ Caribbean. 2 marks) * North- the line of the Greater Antilles * East – the line of Lesser Antilles * South – a line through Trinidad, Northern Venezuela and Colombia * West – the Western pacific Coast of Central America 5. Outline TWO different interpretations of the term culture. (4 marks) * Culture defines and characterizes aspects of lifestyles that may be peculiar to a particular society * Culture refers to the beliefs of a group of people 6. List TWO ways in which the term ‘society’ can be defined. (2 marks) * People having a shared common purpose People occupying a define d territorial space * Citizens within a defined space 7. Describe TWO problems that may arise in Caribbean society because of hybridization. (6 marks) * Hybridization can lead to the creation of new cultures, when two or more cultures come into contact with each other. * Hybridization may lead to two or more cultures trying to claim cultural, economic or political space * Some races may assume a sense of superiority over races, based on the old plantation system and social stratification. 8. Describe TWO responses of Caribbean people to oppression. 4 marks) * Creation of Trade Unions * Migration – intra Caribbean and extra regional * Crime and Violence * Riots * Active Resistance – disobedience, revolts, rebellions and revolutions 9. Explain ONE way in which religion has impacted on Caribbean people. (2 marks) * Religion was used as a means of retaining ancestral links * It was a decisive element in multi- religious societies, for example, Trinidad and Guyana (Christia n, Hindu and Moslem) * It was a factor used in the expansion of education in Caribbean territories. In the aftermath of emancipation, many primary schools were opened by missionaries and religious organizations and today they continue to work. * Religion offered a source of comfort or a source of empowerment while experiencing violence, oppression and genocide 10. Describe TWO ways in which the Cuban residents in the United States impact on American politics. (4 marks) * They formed pressure groups to coerce Washington to continue to enforce the economic blockade against Cuba. * A large population of Cubans in Miami influence voting and governance in the US. They actively supported the Helms Burton Act of 1996 which seeks to establish and maintain international sanctions against the Castro government and plan for a transitional government leading to a democratically elected government 11. Explain ONE way in which Caribbean migrant labour impacts on the economies of the countries of North America. (2 marks) * Helps to keep wages very low as a very large amount of migrants keep wages at minimum wage levels MODULE TWO: ISSUES IN CARIBBEAN DEVELOPMENT 12. Explain what is meant by ‘development’. 2 marks) * Development is the ability of a country to advance economically, measured by changes in its per capita income as well as by the human development index which includes life expectancy and educational attainment. 13. List TWO indicators of development. ( 2 marks) * National income * Levels of unemployment 14. Identify TWO factors that influence development. (2 marks) * Distribution of wealth * Political ideologies * Gender equality * Natural disasters * Impact of the productive sector – investment 15. Explain the term ‘globalisation’. (2 marks) 16. Identify ONE international organization that facilitates globalization. (1 mark) 17. State One effect of globalization on EACH of the following: Labour, Trade, Ideology 18. Identify TWO challenges faced by either Carifta or The West Indies Federation. ( 2 marks) CARIFTA * Unemployment rates and poverty * Leadership issues: Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago * Inabilty to implement regional decisions * Wide disparity among members in terms of per capita income WEST INDIES FEDERATION Disputes over movement of people from one country to another * Insularity/ parochialism * Leadership issues: Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago * Federal Government had no power 19. State how EACH of the following institions has contributed to development of the region: CTO: Caribbean Tourism Organisation * Creation of a single voice in the international arena * Provision of a sound body of knowledge through data collection, collation and research * De velopment and promotion of regional travel tourism programmes to and within the Caribbean * Provision of a sound body of knowledge 20. How to cite Caribbean Studies, Essay examples Caribbean Studies Free Essays Today, education programs at all levels face intense criticism, and physical education programs are no exception. In fact, as school budgets shrink and administrators cut â€Å"frills,† physical education may be one of the first programs to go. If we are to secure a place for physical education in the school curriculum, we must answer two questions: (1) What are the physical, psychological, and intellectual effects of physical education upon the total development of the child? and (2) Given these effects, can physical education be considered a frill? What are the physical benefits of physical education? Recent research has shown that degenerative diseases begin in early childhood. We will write a custom essay sample on Caribbean Studies or any similar topic only for you Order Now As Kaercher (1 98 1) wrote, â€Å"There’s increasing evidence in youngsters of high cholesterol in the blood, high blood pressure, obesity and other conditions that are associated with heart disease, stroke and other disorders† (p. 20). Bucher (1982) stated that medical specialists blame deaths due to heart disease, cancer, and stroke largely on â€Å"changes in lifestyle characterized by factors over which doctors have little or no control† (p. 13). Research suggests that regular physical activity, begun in childhood, may help prevent degenerative diseases. According to Hanson (1974), â€Å"The necessity of physical activity for a growing child is well-documented in terms of growth and fitness needs. Physical activity increases muscle tone, improves respiration and circulation, benefits digestion, aids in controlling obesity, promotes rehabilitation after illness and surgery, and stimulates proper growth and development. Physical benefits alone could be sufficient reason for supporting physical education programs†¦ † (p. 2). And Reiff (1977, p. 26) reported that high school students involved in an eight-week program of physical activity showed gains in fitness. In addition, Fentem and Bassey (1982) pointed out that â€Å"Exercise is a valuable adjunct to dietary control in prevention and treatment of obesity because it increases energy expenditure and improves energy balance† (p. 2). Studies indicate that children in free play settings will not engage in physical activity vigorous enough to produce physical benefits or enhance health, thus supporting the need for physical education (Reiff 1977, p. 6). What are the psychological/social benefits of physical education? Physical activity enhances a person’s life both socially and psychologically. Studies have shown that physical activity may modify anxiety and depression (Sachs 1982, p. 44). Layman (1972, p. 5) gave evidence that poor physical condition predisposes individuals to poor mental health. Hanson (1974, p. 2) stated that â€Å"physical activity contributes to the general feeling of well-being †¦. It is an avenue for expression of anger, aggression and happiness . . a means for discovery of self as well as a social facilitator. † Moreover, according to Espenschade (1960), â€Å"The status of the elementary school child with his peers is dependent to a great extent on his motor skills and his behavior in game situations† (p. 3). Clarke (1982, p. 10) added to these statements, suggesting that the child’s realization of personal and social effectiveness relies heavily on guidance within the physical education experience. Guidance helps the individual adopt desirable modes of behavior and improve interpersonal relationships. What are the mental//intellectual benefits of physical education? Research shows a positive relationship between physical activity and academic achievement. In one study, begun in 1951 in an elementary school in Vanves, France, the school day was divided so that four hours were devoted to academics and one to two hours to physical education, art, music, and supervised study (Bailey 1976). By 1960, not only were health, fitness, discipline, and enthusiasm superior in the experimental program, but academic performance also surpassed controlled classes. Similar experiments in Belgium and Japan produced comparable results (Carlson 1982, p. 68), illustrating the importance of physical education to a successful academic program. How does physical education affect children’s development of wholesome recreation habits? The importance of wise use of leisure time was supported as early as 1918 in the Seven Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education (National Education Association). Children need recreational skills and a positive attitude toward exercise to enhance their use of leisure. Indeed, â€Å"Research indicates that motor skills learned in physical education classes may be the stimulus for increased activity during leisure time (Seefeldt 1977, p. 3). Gilliam and others demonstrated that physical education programs involving vigorous activities encourage participants to use leisure time more actively (p. 3). Thus, physical education can play a major role in promoting an active, healthy lifestyle. How to cite Caribbean Studies, Essay examples

Approaches Of Three Theorists Regarding The Symbolism Of Hair

Question: Discuss about the Comparison Of The Approaches Of Three Theorists Regarding The Symbolism Of Hair. Answer: According to the theorist Sir James George Frazer in his book, The Golden Bough, it has been stated that it is global notion that an individual might be bewtiched through the ways relating to the cuttings of his hair or the parings of nails. The common suggestion regarding which the resting of superstition occurs is associated with the sympathetic association expected to exist within an individual as well as everything that has once been part of his body or in any manner had a close association with him. They are belonging that part of branch of sympathetc magic that might be referred being infectious. In the ancient times, dread of sorcery did the formation of one of the most significant traits of the Marquesan islanders (Nanda 2014). The sorcerer used to take some of the hair of the person he wanted to injure, did its warpping in a leaf and did the placement of the packet within a bag made of fibres or threads that were constricted in a complicated manner. The intention of a Maori sorcerer having the intention on bewitching a person sought to receive a strand of the hair of his victim, the parings of nails or a slice of the persons cloth. After collecting the material, the sorcerer used to do the chanting of certain spells as well as curses over it through a falsetto voice as well as concealed it under ground (Millar 2014). With the dacaying of the matter, the individual whose part it was, was supposed to get wasted away. In the same manner, within Germany it is a common concept that when an individuals cut hair is found by a bird, and the latter does the building of their nests with it, the individual will be suffering from headache, at times it is thought that he will be having an outbreak on the head. There occurs similar prevailing of superstition, or was prevailing in West Sussex. It was seen in New Zealand that the uttering of a spell was done regarding hair-cutting for averting thunder as well as lighting. In the Tyrol, witches are expected to do the using of cut hair for making hailstones or thundestorms with (Lewis 2017). Within Scotlands Highlands, it has been stated that any sister should not be combing her hair in the night time when her brother is travelling in the ocean. A fundamental problem in regard to the aspect of interpreting a ritual is associated with the fact that the participants in every society might not have the ability to provide an overt definition of the meaning regarding symbols that should be having an involvement. There is a huge significance of symbols as well as acts of symbol that is common towards a broad assortment of cultural aspects. Whilst any specific symbol is having different meanings from society to another, it can be found out that these meanings are recurring in a constant manner (Rapport 2014). Dr. Leach did the examination of the association amongst the importance of symbolism within personal subliminal stage, as observed by a psychoanalyst, Dr. Charles Berg, as well as the importance regarding symbolism in respect of social custom, as the ethnographers have construed. The specific symbolism type that is used by him as the basis of discussion is considered to be the hypothesis of Berg stating that there is a fundamental symbolic uniformity within the hair in the head as well as genitals of men within the subliminal stage, such that the hair cutting is similar to castration (Lewin 2016). While yielding that rituals are not reflecting an individuals psychological condition regarding performance, but rather that the structural aspect of the social circumstance will be requiring th actor in making official symbolic statements of a specific type, Leach still finds the hypothesis of Berg in regard to the aspect of head shaving at bereavement that the loss of a dear one will be is similar to castration as well as hair loss to be having appropriate meaning in relation to the aspect of making explanations regarding the origin of the symbolism primarily (Knauft 2013). Now, the exact reason as to why individuals should be reacting towards the anguish by shaving their hair off as well as doing their mutilation is with a doubt, agreeable to psychological explanations, but there exists no major reason of linking it with castration. It can be frequently found out in the ethnographical literature which states hair is having close relations with the soul. For instance, by refering Frazer once more, it can be stated that, according to the Siamese, it is believed that a spirit known as khuan is dwelling within the head of a human, of which its considered being the guardian spirit. The spirit must have careful protection from various injuries, therefore the process to shave or cut hair is associated with various rites, as well as it also has been cited by Frazer various instances showcasing the sacred trait of the head and subsequently the weird characteristic regarding hair of the head (Khan 2014). Magic is considered being another well-known ritual regarding the use of hair that is treated, in addition to nail pairings as well as secretions of the body, as symbolically similar to the indivdual from whose body they have come. Leach had concern of showing that the equation of Berg regarding head hair was similar to genitals, which had relevance in describing about certain ethnographical statements (Holbraad 2014). Primarily, there occurs continuous growth of hair as well as nails and this is considered being a key motive why they should get considered being particularly bestowed with vigour. Blood as well as semen, in respect of various reasons, are also considered being the sources of vigour regarding primitive thought. However, such considerations will not be getting applied to body dirt or nasal mucus. It can therefore be considered as to why hair is being selected as the symbol of the entire individual in magic (Hewlett 2016). It is bestowed with excellent vitality, and it i s falling as well into the broader segment of extensions regarding the individual. Leach provides a brief explanation regarding the aspect that the tonsure of a monk is considered being a familiar scenario regarding the religious life in Christianity and it also does the supporting of the theoritical aspect that shaven head is similar to celibacy. However, the monk do the taking of 3 vows, amongst which chastity is considered being the only one, and the others are considered being poor condition as well as submission (Haviland 2013). The monk, obviously, is not the only individual under the institutional lifes regulation who did the cutting of his hair short. The soldiers as well as the prisoners are also considered to be the individuals who cut their hair short. Therefore, the cropped hair or tonsure regarding all the three scenarios relating to the monk, soldier as well as convict does the signifying of the fact that they are under discipline. In contrast to such groups, three segments of individuals might be taken into consideration within the Western society, who are basically accredited with long hair, such as the scholars, juvenile rebels in opposition to society as well as women. Its not very tough considering the fact that in different manners these indivduals, in certain respects less subject towards social controlling in comparison to the average individual (Ferraro 2015). The scholar is considered being an individual who is, due to his personal choices, stay aloof from the concerns regarding the daily life, or might remain positively antagonistic as well as decisive towards the society. However, the scenario of women requires a little further explanation. Primarily, it can be stated that women are conventionally having concern regarding domestic matters and not regarding the functioning of the overall society, and secondlly, they have been regarded being administered by their emotional aspects, such as being incre asingly whimsical as well as less predictable in comparison to men (Fassin 2013). It is obviously, considered being true that in previous times, men were having long hair, however in those times, the hair of women has been even longer. Long hair as a result, is considered recurrently to be the symbol of being in certain way out of the society, and there is, on the other hand, a trait that is mostly related with being external to the society, which is considered being animality. The Bible, again, offers significant assistance in respect of the relation within hairiness as well as different scenarios of animality, but very less regarding the hypothesis of Leach. Esau, who hunted wild beasts, was a hairy individual, whereas his brother Jacob was a herdsman, who dwelled in tents, considered being a clean person. In Deuteronomy, it is recommended that female war prisoners, if considered being wives, shall be required paring their nails as well as shaving their heads (Eller 2016). From the Book of Judges, it can be found out that the strength of Samson resided in his hair, and while being shorn, he is considered being as feeble as any other individual. Another very clear example that can be cited regarding the relation o f hairiness as well as the separation from society regarding the state of nature is the explanation of how King Nebuchadnezzar was defeated and forced to become a recluse. In regard to the command of St. Pauls, it has been stated that women should be covering their heads inside the church. This might be considered being a sign of the authority of the husband (Bonvillain 2017). It can also be stated that in certain scenarios, the head as well as the hair might be having a clear sexual importance. For instance, it is apparent that the account of Onians regarding Greek as well as Roman beliefs regarding the body states that head was considered to be the semens source, in the shape of cerebro-spinal fluid, and that the hair indicated sexual vitality (Bernard 2014). Nevertheless, he also makes it clear that these ideas were originated from the aspect of observing the human as well as animal physiological aspect, as well as not the suppressed functionings regarding their subliminal minds, and the same is right regarding the discussion of Hershman regarding the heads as well as hairs sexual symbolism within the Hindu as well as Sikh Punjabis. The major deficit relating to the hypothesis of Leach isnt that its applicable to a much narrower variety of statements than he is leading us towards presuming, but that regarding its personal view, in which social standing is having blatant relation with hair as well sex, it does not succeed in providing any justification as to why long hair is related with ascetics as well as with individuals such as Samson, and why short hair is having an association with the soldiers as well as monks (Bennett 2014). The positive aspect to treat symbolism as about the world, to a certain extent than about the subliminal, is that the associtions within symbols as well as the world are empirically provable, and it is therefore, having the possibility for doing the evaluation of varied explanations regarding a specific piece of symbolism in respect of how effectively they will be fitting the piece of evidences. Leachs paper is dealing with all the three distinctive but interconnected concerns such as the the association within the public expression as well as private impetus, the utilization of sexuality in respect of religious ends as well as the phalic trait regarding hair, despite the fact that it is expressly concerned with the association within public, rituals that are social as well as private, personal explanation, and his paper is having a direct engagement with the psychoanalytic argument that Charles Berg has articulated in his book, The unconscious significance of hair. The argument that was cited by Berg was that the cutting of hair as well as other practices associated with hair does the representation of an intrapsychic struggle within the instinct drives as well as the castrating efforts relating to the suppressive forces. Differently speaking, there exists a cause and effect association that proceeds from the personal, intrapsychic stimulus towards its public expression. Le ach is arguing against this analysis as well as against the consequent psychoanalytic shift towards the behavioural aspect that is considered to be conflate pyschoneurotic with public sacrament. References Bennett, J.W., 2014.The ecological transition: cultural anthropology and human adaptation. Elsevier. Bernard, H.R. and Gravlee, C.C. eds., 2014.Handbook of methods in cultural anthropology. Rowman Littlefield. Bonvillain, N., 2017.Cultural anthropology. Pearson. Eller, J.D., 2016.Cultural anthropology: global forces, local lives. Routledge. Fassin, D., 2013. Why ethnography matters: On anthropology and its publics.Cultural Anthropology,28(4), pp.621-646. Ferraro, G., 2015.Classic readings in cultural anthropology. Cengage Learning. Haviland, W.A., Prins, H.E., McBride, B. and Walrath, D., 2013.Cultural anthropology: the human challenge. Cengage Learning. Hewlett, B.S., 2016. Evolutionary cultural anthropology: containing Ebola outbreaks and explaining hunter-gatherer childhoods.Current Anthropology,57(S13), pp.S27-S37. Holbraad, M., Pedersen, M.A. and de Castro, E.V., 2014. The politics of ontology: Anthropological positions.Cultural Anthropology,13. Khan, A., 2014. Journey to the center of the earth: The Caribbean as master symbol.Cultural Anthropology,16(3), pp.271-302. Knauft, B.M., 2013.Genealogies for the present in cultural anthropology. Routledge. Lewin, E., 2016. Whos Queer? Whats Queer? Queer Anthropology through the Lens of Ethnography.Cultural Anthropology,31(4), pp.598-606. Lewis, I., 2017.Social and cultural anthropology in perspective: Their relevance in the modern world. Routledge. Millar, K., 2014. The precarious present: Wageless labor and disrupted life in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Cultural Anthropology,29(1), pp.32-53. Nanda, S. and Warms, R.L., 2014.Cengage Advantage Books: Culture Counts: A Concise Introduction to Cultural Anthropology. Cengage Learning. Rapport, N., 2014.Social and cultural anthropology: The key concepts. Routledge

Two Conversation and Imagination Poems by Coleridge free essay sample

This paper discusses two poems by Samuel Taylor Coleridge from the Romantic period of the English literature. This paper discusses the differences between Samuel Taylor Coleridges two poems: Frost at Midnight, and Pains of Sleep. These two poems are of different themes and forms and yet exhibit the creativeness found in Coleridges works. The author also explains how Coleridge was also a literary critic who defined the category of conversation and imagination poems. Pains of Sleep is another literary work from Coleridge, and it was written in 1803. Contrary to the melancholy tone yet positive outlook of the poets behavior in Frost at Midnight, Pains of Sleep shows the agony experienced by the poet in his struggle to overcome his opium addiction and its after-effect. The poem discusses Coleridges fear of sleep, and of dreaming. It is evident in the poems anguished tone that it Coleridge describes his agony in descriptive detail. We will write a custom essay sample on Two Conversation and Imagination Poems by Coleridge or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pains of Sleep is categorized as an example of an imagination poem, a poem that contains brilliant imagery and supernatural elements, and is far-off from the ordinary world of people. Imagery during the Romantic period is a powerful tool to express a message in creative and descriptive detail, and is often referred to as the sensations that language creates in the mind.

Maiolica Dish with a Scene from the Second Punic War essayEssay Writing Service

Maiolica Dish with a Scene from the Second Punic War essayEssay Writing Service Maiolica: Dish with a Scene from the Second Punic War essay Maiolica: Dish with a Scene from the Second Punic War essayMaiolica pottery was very popular, especially during the 16th century, when this art has reached the high level of development. In a way, maiolica pottery may be viewed as one of the first manifestations of the popular art because maiolica pottery was closer to people since conventional objects, such s dishes, were transformed into works of art. The Dish with a Scene from the Second Punic War is one of such works which dates back to the mid-16th century and it was created by Guido Durantine as a decoration of the pottery. This work of art is particularly noteworthy as the work that refers to the Classical art of ancient Rome and Greece but also this maiolica pottery reveals the European vision of the Classical era through the eyes of the 16th century artist.The Dish with a Scene from the Second Punic War, 1540-60, created by Guido Durantine is one of the maiolica pottery created in the 16th century. This dish is an example of the traditional maiolica pottery which depicts the scene that refers to the ancient time. In such a way, the artist pays a lot of attention to the classical art and philosophy which was the mainstream trend in the Renaissance era, when artists re-discovered the cultural and artistic heredity of the ancient world. At the same time, the Dish with a Scene from the Second Punic War was not a mere painting depicting a classical plot but, on the contrary, this is the original work of art of the 16th century, while the accuracy of the depiction of the ancient story in accordance to traditions of the classical ancient Greek or Roman art just reveals the turn of the artist to the Classical art as a source of inspiration and creativity.The focus of the artist on the Classical story referring to the Second Punic war is not occasional. Ancient world as well as the classical art of Rome and Greece is the cradle of European civilization and Renaissance artists found the main source of inspiratio n in the ancient classical art. This is why references and episodes from Classical ancient Roman or Greek stories are frequent in maiolica pottery. In this regard, the Dish with a Scene from the Second Punic War is not an exception. The artist was apparently inspired by the ancient history and he depicts ancient heroes and gods on the dish to revive the spirit of antiquity in the Renaissance era.The painting refers to one of the most important moments in the ancient history, the Second Punic War, which was the war between Rome and Carthage for the supremacy in the Western Mediterranean. Rome and Carthage were the major superpowers in that time and the theme of their Punic War was very strong in the ancient Roman art (Mussachio 182). At the same time, Guido Durantine could view the Second Punic War in broader terms than just the war between the Rome and Carthage. Instead, he could view the war as the clash of two civilizations, European and African one. During the Renaissance this th eme was very important and the clash of European powers, such as Spain and Italy, in a way, as well as all Europeans during the Crusades, with African and Asian powers was one of main issues in the life of Europeans of that time.In addition, African civilization was totally different from European one and the clash between them could evoke the author’s desire to reveal the origin of the conflict between them. In this regard, the depiction of the Second Punic war helps to understand the conflict between European countries and African ones as the historical conflict (Mussachio 188). However, the painting itself does not really depicts the war or battlefield. Instead, the painting depicts Roman headed by Gaius Flaminius in the center of the dish. They are in a turmoil because of the war on Carthage and they are probably preparing to win the war and defeat Hannibal. Gaius Flaminiys appeals to Romans and attempts to take everything under control. He wants to persuade Romans to car ry on the war and defeat Hannibal but Romans apparently refuse and prefer to leave. Gaius claims and appeals to Romans but they do not really listen to him, instead, they are busy with their own affairs and problems, while some of them have already started to retreat to escape probably the upcoming rage of Gaius. The face of Gaius manifests despair and hatred. He apparently hates Hannbal and wants his defeat. However, after Romans’ refusal to carry on the war and their attempts of retreating, he grows furious and seems to be ready to attack his fellow Romans. Some of his supporters to his right raise their hands to show their support. They also seem to be outraged by the refusal of Romans to carry on the war but the majority of Romans disagree with them and either have already turned their backs to them to go away or just ignore the exclamations and appeals of Gaius’ supporters. Â  The small Cupid in the low right part of the painting is looking downward as if looking for someone to shoot with his arrow, while all the other gods are busy with their own affairs and problems. The depiction of the Cupid seems to be ironic since he, being so small and helpless, turns out to be the only one, who is really ready to bear arms and use it. Alternatively, the role of Cupid may be different but still quite symbolic. For instance, Cupid could be depicted as the tribute of ancient Roman gods, on the one hand, and European traditions of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, where religious themes were traditionally very strong. However, the depict of Cupid as a symbol of divine presence is quite ironic, if not to say sarcastic, compared to large scale paintings created before, during the Middle Ages and early Renaissance, which manifested worshipping of God, detailed and honorable depiction of angels and saints. In contrast, the Dish with a Scene from the Second Punic War depicts a small Cupid as the only representative of Roman gods, who is present during the Roman council meeting on the future of Carthage and Hannibal. At this point, the view of the artist on ancient Roman and gods as well as god-man relationship is quite different from views of ancient Romans and artists and people of the Middle Ages. Ancient Romans believed that gods play an important part in their life and they worshiped and hoped for the gods’ assistance. Cupid played minor part in the hierarch of ancient Roman gods. This is why the creator of the Dish with a Scene from the Second Punic War had minimized the role of gods in the decision making process shifting the focus on humans as key decision makers. In fact, this idea was new and challenging even for Guido Durantine’ contemporaries because this idea was unacceptable during the Middle Ages and Renaissance had just started to bring the new vision of man as a proactive agent but not a mere subject to God’s will and decisions. Therefore, Durantine rejects the fatum of ancient Romans as well as the overwhelming power of God over humans of his contemporary. Instead, he shows that people can take important decisions, regardless of the position of gods or their involvement in affairs of humans.In conclusion, taking into account all above mentioned, it is important to place emphasis on the fact that the Dish with a Scene from the Second Punic War by Guido Durantine created in 1540-60 depicts the council meeting of ancient Romans and the disagreement of Romans to attack Hannibal and Carthage that make Gaius Flaminius furious. This maiolica potter mirrors the increased interest of European artists of the Renaissance era to the classical art ancient Rome and Greece. The artist had challenged cultural norms of his time and intentionally decreased the role of gods in face of men, who become main decision makers and take a proactive position.

Information policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Information policy - Essay Example More and more people turned to the internet for almost anything and everything they need, whether for academic research, for checking celebrity activities, for commerce such as buy and sell, ordering and ticketing online and the likes. Even real time communications have found its way into the homes connecting two or more people from different parts of the world through email, chat, web calls, video conference, etc. As the usage and the advantages of the internet to information and communications technology could not be undermined, it also became susceptible to misuse and abuse by unscrupulous individuals who also saw the opportunity to perpetuate crime and evil through the world wide web and prey on unsuspecting victims usually children even from half way round the world. â€Å"Child pornography, bestiality, excessive violence or sexual violence, detailed instruction in crime, violence or drug use, and/or material that advocates (and incites) terrorism acts† (Foo, 2009) are among the common types of abuse in the internet. Often, the victims are minors or those who are under 18 years old. This became the foundation of the clamour of some citizens to censor some information available in the internet and to filter the content of websites. This is basis of the Australian government’s move to filter the information that comes in to the Australia through the information network. And the debate about internet censorship has ensued. The advocates of internet censorship promotes that this is the only way to protect the citizens from the malevolent crimes that abound the internet. They are specifically targeting the welfare of the children and the minors who are more susceptible victims because of their innocence and naivetà ©. The pro-censorship group claims that the internet has been made safer for the users because of the commonwealth government’s Broadcasting Services Amendment (Online Services) Act 1999. The other side

Assigment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Assigment - Assignment Example She kills his new wife and kills the children. In Medea, a woman is seen as a complex being; as the writer was triggered by the unjust treatment of women during the era of Athens and the moral hypocrisy that it revealed. This is the intent why I deem the play Medea on an American plantation with respect to Euripides and the pressing matters that were contemporary to his life. The inciting incident in the play is where by Medea, decides to carry out revenge on her husband by killing his new wife and the children. After she is banished from the kingdom of Corinth, she begs for a day in the land. Medea then asks the chorus of Corinth women to help her carry out the revenge. The chorus tries to discourage her from carrying out the revenge, but she is set to go ahead with her plans. She poisons Jason’s new wife by poisoning her dress which she disguised it as a gift. She then poisons her children and kills them. Jason discovers this when it is too late. The writer displays the event in a fast manner to create anxiety in the audience. The events occur very fast in a manner that Medea would be caught in the act. This shows how women are forced by circumstances to take some harsh decisions. Women face a lot of mistreatment from the society forcing them to take drastic measures. Although it pains Medea to murder her children, she still goes ahead with the plan. This is because she feels betrayed by Jason and has the urge to revenge. The climax of the play is whereby Medea is banished from the kingdom. Her husband condemns her and accuses her of her downfall. He forgets that he was also part of some of the atrocities she committed. He forgets how Medea helped her to kill his uncle so as to take the throne. All this brings bitterness to Medea, which pushes her to plot a revenge mission against her husband. She decides to kill the wife, which could also hurt King Creon. The writer shows how Jason condemns Medea for her actions. This

Literature Review Strategy for Evidence Based Practice (EBP)

Literature Review Strategy for Evidence Based Practice (EBP) Introduction Evidence based practice (EBP) is an approach to health care in which health professionals use the most appropriate information available to make clinical decision for providing high quality patient care (McKibbon, 1998). EBP has shifted the focus of health care professionals from a traditional approach on authoritative opinions to a stress on facts extracted from previous research and studies (Sackett et al, 1997). It has been suggested by that nursing practice based on evidence enhances patient care, as compared to traditional practices (Majid et al, 2011). In addition, as nurses are increasingly more involved in clinical decision making, it is becoming essential for them to make use of the best evidence in order to make effective and justifiable decisions (Majid et al, 2011). To discuss the evidence for a clinical skill, this essay will investigate the antiseptic preparations for surgical site antisepsis. The rationale for selection of this topic is its significance for the clinical nursing practice as nurses are frequently involved in the surgical site preparation (Dizer et al, 2009). Surgical site infection (SSI) is a type of healthcare-associated infection in which a wound infection occurs following an invasive (surgical) procedure. It has been suggested by National Institute of Health and Care (NICE, 2004) that surgical site infections account for almost 20% of all of healthcare-associated infections. It has been further highlighted that nearly 5% of patients undergoing a surgical procedure develop a surgical site infection antiseptic preparations. NICE (2008) has recommended that aqueous or alcohol based solution with chlorhexidine or iodine can be used for prevention of SSI. However, it does not favour or recommend one solution over the other. This essay will explore the literature for evidence about efficacy of these preparation in comparison to one another. It is important for the nurses to be aware of the best available evidence regarding antiseptic preparations to minimise the risk of surgical site infection. Research Question and Literature Search The research question for the current essay will be formulated on the PICO framework as suggested by Sackett et al (1997): P Population or problem Clean-contaminated surgical procedures I Intervention Chlorhexidine gluconate C Comparison or comparator Povidone-iodine O Outcome Surgical site infection The question formulated for the current essay using PICO framework would therefore be: In surgical procedures, is chlorhexidine gluconate more effective in comparison to povidone-iodine in reducing surgical infections? To answer the question, literature search for the available evidence for was done. The author identified a list of key search terms and synonyms that can result in a large number of hits and combined these with Boolean terms AND/OR. Terms made up of of two words were looked for by making use of speech marks so that they were are not searched for separately, and truncation was used for terms identified to have multiple endings. The key words used were surgical site infection anti-septic preparations iodine and chlorhexidine. In order to make sure that an in-depth search was done, which would elicit the largest number of studies more than one academic search engines were searched by the researcher. Cinahal: Contains an index of nursing and allied health literature and is helpful for use in a thorough search (Glazsiou, 2001). Medline: Suggested to be used in healthcare systematic reviews (Glazsiou, 2001). NHS Information Resources and NHS Evidence: Is a widely used database resource containing evidence-based reviews and specialist research from reliable sources. NHS evidence was searched separately. Cochrane Library: Provides a list of systematic reviews and RCTS that have been published or are in a process of publishing (Glazsiou, 2010). Pubmed: It is a commonly used internet resource for healthcare professionals with a large international coverage. The results of the search generated a large number of article however these had to be reduced in order to generate an appropriate research article which can answer the question formulated. Therefore, an inclusion and exclusion criteria was set to narrow down the large number of articles generated. The guidelines from NICE (2008) in which both preparation have been recommended in 2008 hence the research was done for studies published after that. Only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have been included as they provide the best evidence. The articles which were not in English and published before 2009 were therefore excluded. Also, the studies in which preparations for a particular type of surgical procedure were studied were also excluded as the evidence for general surgical procedures was being looked for. Abstracts of the studies generated from the search of different data bases engines were thus read so that the articles which do not satisfy the inclusion criteria of this essay can be excluded. This resulted in selection of one article which satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the current work. The study by Darouiche et al (2010) is a RCT which compared the efficacy of two surgical preparations i.e. chlorhexidine–alcohol with that of povidone–iodine for preventing surgical site infections. In order to achieve this, preoperative skin preparation was done for adults undergoing clean-contaminated surgery in six hospitals with either chlorhexidine–alcohol scrub or povidone–iodine scrub and paint in a random way. The primary outcome was any surgical-site infection within 30 days after surgery. This study will be critically analysed to identify its strengths and weaknesses. It has been suggested by Burls (2009) that critical appraisal is the process of carefully and systematically examining research to judge its trustworthiness, and its value and relevance in a particular context. The critical skills appraisal programme (CASP) tool (Appendix 1) for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) will be used as the selected study is a randomised controlled trial. Screening questions 1. Did the trial address a clearly focused issue? Yes, the study addressed a clearly focused issue with clear problem to be explored, comparison groups and outcomes being investigated using a PICO framework to formulate the research question thereby increasing the rigour of the study (Huang et al, 2006). 2. Was the assignment of patients to treatments randomised? Yes, the assignment to treatment and placebo group was carried out randomly in a ratio of 2:1. This will increase the validity of the study. Literature suggests that random allocation of patients to study groups help to minimize both the selection bias as well as the impact of any confounder present (Cormack, 2000). It has also been observed in the study that in order to match the two groups and deal with possible inter-hospital differences, randomization was stratified by hospital by using computer-generated randomization numbers without blocking. This is a strength of the study as stratified randomisation can help to attain maximum balance of significant characteristics without compromising the benefits of randomisation (Altman and Bland, 1999). 3. Were all of the patients who entered the trial properly accounted for at its conclusion? Yes, the trial was not stopped early and the patients were analysed in the groups to which they were randomised. The study has done both intention-to-treat analysis for both groups as well as per protocol analysis. This accounts for the drop outs in the study an also been reported thus accounting for these drop-outs which may decrease the internal validity of the study. According to the Cochrane Collaboration (2014) intention-to-treat analysis minimised the presence of bias which may exist due to loss of participants, thus upsetting the baseline similarity attained by randomisation. Detailed Questions The study by Darouiche et al (2010) does not explicitly mention whether the personnel involved in the study were blind to the treatment groups. However, it has been mentioned in the study that the operating surgeon became aware of which intervention had been assigned only after the patient was brought to the operating room. In addition, both the patients and the site investigators who diagnosed surgical-site infection on the basis of standard criteria stayed unaware of the group assignments. This minimises the bias in the study and increases its validity as differential treatment or evaluation of participants can possibly introduce bias in the study at any phase of a trial (Karanicolas et al, 2010). Hence, it is a strength of the study. According to Berger (2006), in addition to randomisation, it is important to keep the baseline variables of the study groups similar at the commencement of the trial as it is essential for a RCT to compare groups that differ only with reference to the treatment they receive. The baseline characteristics of both groups have been reported in the study and did not show any significant difference between the two intervention groups reflected by their insignificant p values. It appears from the study that both chlorhexidine and iodine groups were treated the same way other then intervention. In order to determine the treatment effect, clear pre-defined primary end point has been given by Darouiche et al (2010). The primary outcome was defined on the basis of a standard criteria given by the CDC hence it increases the reliability of study. The results of the study found that the overall rate of surgical-site infection was significantly lower in the chlorhexidine–alcohol group than in the povidone–iodine group (9.5% vs. 16.1%; P = 0.004). In order to find the results, the study undertook multiple statistical considerations and tests. The study increased its statistical power by increasing the sample size in each group which gives the study 90% power to identify a significant difference in the frequency of surgical-site infection between the two groups, at a significance level of 0.05 or less. In addition, as mentioned above intention-to-treat and per protocol analyses were performed which further increases study validity. The study also carried out a pre-specified Breslow–Day test for homogeneity to find whether the results were consistent across the six participating hospitals. This was also a strength of the study as literature suggests that involvement of multi-centre patients can compromise the external validity of the RCTs (Rothwell, 2010). This is due to potential effect of differences between health-care systemswhich result in different treatment affects, values and confidence intervals have also been reported where required. Regarding the application of the results in the settings in UK, it has been highlighted by that the study by Darouiche et al (2010) was done in the US and used an aqueous solution of iodine. However, in the UK, the most widely used skin preparations are alcohol-based solutions of 0.5% chlorhexidine or 10% iodine (Tanner, 2012). This is because aqueous-based solutions are thought to be less effective than alcohol-based solutions. Hence, to make the study applicable to the UK settings, 2% chlorhexidine in alcohol should have been compared with 0.5% chlorhexidine in alcohol or 10% povidone iodine in alcohol. The benefits of the study are definitely superior to the harms as SSI not only causes significant unwanted outcomes and distress for the patient but also results in increased costs for the patient, the healthcare and the wider economy (Tanner, 2012). Thus, a number of factors increase the external validity and internal validity of the study including stratified randomisation, blinding of study personnel, intention-to-treat analysis, keep the baseline variables of the study group’s similar, sample size and a number of statistical tests. In addition, clear pre-defined primary end point increased the reliability of the study. The study thus has very low risk of bias and can be therefore rated as 1++ according to NICE hierarchy of evience (NICE, 2004). Hence, alcoholic chlorhexidine solution is significantly more effective in reducing SSIs than povidone iodine. However, the results should be applied to UK settings with caution. References: Altman, D.G. and Bland, J.M. (1999) How to randomise BMJ. 11;319(7211), pp. 703-4. Berger VW. (2006) A review of methods for ensuring the comparability of comparison groups in randomized clinical trials. Rev Recent Clin Trials. 1(1), pp. 81-6. Burls, A. (2009) What is critical appraisal? London, Hayward Group. Cochrane Collaboration (2014) Glossary, [Online] Available from: http://www.cochrane.org/glossary [Accessed 29 January 2014] Cormack, D. (2000) The research process in nursing, 4th ed., Wiley-Blackwell: Oxford. Crookes, P.A. Davies, S. (1998) Research into Practice. London: Balliere Tindall. Darouiche, R.O., Wall, M.J. Jr, Itani, K.M., Otterson, M.F., Webb, A.L., Carrick, M.M., Miller, H.J., Awad, S.S., Crosby, C.T., Mosier MC, Alsharif A, Berger DH. (2010) Chlorhexidine-Alcohol versus Povidone-Iodine for Surgical-Site Antisepsis. . N Engl J Med. 362(1), pp. 18-26. Dizer B, Hatipoglu S, Kaymakcioglu N, Tufan T, Yava A, Iyigun E, Senses Z. (2009) The effect of nurse-performed preoperative skin preparation on postoperative surgical site infections in abdominal surgery. J Clin Nurs. 18(23), pp. 3325-32. Glasziou, P. (2001) Systematic reviews in health care: a practical guide, Cambridge; Cambridge University Press. Huang, X., Lin, J. and Demmer-Fishman, D. (2006) Evaluation of PICO as a knowledge representation for clinical questions. AMIA Annu Symp Proc, pp. 359-63 Karanicolas, P.J., Farrokhyar, F., Bhandari, M. (2010) Practical tips for surgical research: blinding: who, what, when, why, how? Can J Surg. 53(5), pp. 345-8. Majid, S., Foo, S., Luyt, B., Zhang, X., Theng, Y.L., Chang, Y.K., Mokhtar, I.A. (2011) Adopting evidence-based practice in clinical decision making: nurses perceptions, knowledge, and barriers. J Med Libr Assoc. 99(3), pp. 229-36. McKibbon, K.A. (1998) Evidence-based practice, Bull Med Libr Assoc. 86(3), pp. 396–401. NICE (2004) Reviewing and grading the evidence [Online] Available from: http://www.nice.org.uk/niceMedia/pdf/GDM_Chapter7_0305.pdf [Accessed 9 February 2014] NICE (2008) Surgical site infection Prevention and treatment of surgical site infection, London: NICE. Rothwell, P.M. (2006) Factors That Can Affect the External Validity of Randomised Controlled Trials, PLoS Clin Trials. 1(1): e9. Sackett D.L, Richardson W.S, Rosenberg W.M.C, Haynes R.B.(1997) Evidence-based medicine: how to practice and teach EBM.Edinburgh, UK: Churchill Livingstone. Tanner J (2012) Methods of skin antisepsis for preventing SSIs. Nursing Times; 108: 37, 20-22.

Marketing Strategy Place of Company Nikon Essay

Advertising is key to successful implementation of the strategic plan. The more often employees hear about the plan, its elements, and ways to measure its success, the greater the possibility that they will undertake it as part of their daily work lives. It is especially important that employees are aware of the measurement systems and that significant achievements be rewarded and celebrated. This positive reinforcement increases support of the plan and belief in its possibilities. Without buy-in from the head of a company, it is unlikely that other members will be supportive in the planning and eventual implementation process, thereby dooming the plan before it ever takes shape. Commitment and support of the strategic-planning initiative must spread from the president and/or CEO all the way down through the ranks to the line worker on the factory floor. Just as importantly, the strategic-planning team should be composed of top-level managers who are capable of representing the interests, concerns, and opinions of all members of the organization. As well, organizational theory dictates that there should be no more than twelve members of the team. This allows group dynamics to function at their optimal level. The components of the strategic-planning process read much like a laundry list, with one exception: each piece of the process must be kept in its sequential order since each part builds upon the previous one. This is where the similarity to a flow chart is most evident, as can be seen in the following illustration. The only exceptions to this are environmental scanning and continuous implementation, which are continuous processes throughout. This article will now focus on the discussion of each component of the formulation process: environmental scanning, continuous implementation, values assessment, vision and mission formulation, strategy design, performance audit analysis, gap analysis, action-plan development, contingency planning, and final implementation. After that, this article will discuss a Japanese variation to Strategy Formulation, Hoshin Planning, which has become very popular.

Nursing Home Administrator Essay

The delivery of Healthcare is a high touch enterprise that calls for interaction among every stakeholder within the healthcare sphere. Communication, whether interpersonal or intrapersonal, is a crucial part of these dealings and may be transformed by the intellectual use of communication tools. Information is the means of support of healthcare. Therefore, communication systems are the backbone that supports the whole idea. Care of patients in the nursing homes now almost unavoidably entails many different people, all with the need to share patient information and talk about their organization. As a result there is an ever increasing attention in the information and communication technology that sustain health services. There exists a huge gap in the wide understanding of the function of communication services in the delivery health care. This paper will review different types of communication methods for the health care organization, including the advantages and disadvantages of using traditional, electronic, and social media for health care communication. The review will then discuss effects of HIPAA and other regulations on the use of these media for health care communication. The significant role that communication plays among people in healthcare is often neglected. Basic and very important to all healthcare managerial functions, communication is the means used in the transmission of information and additionally makes an individual understood by the target audience. In a situation in which a nursing home faces transition of management and the residents are unable to communicate effectively, have no local family, and have not indicated that they approve the release of their medical information is a crisis many health care administrators face every day. In such situations, communication is a key challenge for administrators for they are solely mandated to provide information, which consequently affects performance in the organization. A communication system is any formal or informal structure that an organization uses to sustain its communication requirements. The system involves components like people, the message that is needed to be conveyed, the technology that mediates a conversation, and an organizational structure that characterizes and limits the conversation that occurs. They are therefore bundles of different kinds of components and the utility of the general system is measured by the correctness of all the components combined. The situation above poses a challenge due to the barriers between reception and feedback. Most of the people to be displaced have no idea why and may even lose their privacy in the process. In order to solve the crisis above, it is mandatory to review the pros and cons of different kinds of communications. Electronic communications are fast, they are cost-effective and quite convenient. However, these attributes enclose intrinsic disadvantages. The technology that helps people to keep on the go also may invade privacy and cut into valuable time meant for other social activities. Devices such as cell phones with mobility technology and portable computers facilitate communication at all times. This allows one to work and visit sites in public locations, such as trains and other social gatherings. This has enabled people to stop traveling long distances to work and may do so from home. The technology also encourages productivity, for instance, a person intending to meet a professional deadline may save valuable time by working on a mobile gadget before getting to the workplace. Electronic communication is also convenient and instantaneous. It distributes with the need to mail or fax a document that can be stored online or on a portable electronic device to protect it against any kind of loss. These advantages facilitate learning and research. A visit to a clinical website may help out an individual with a complicated health problem. Despite the good attributes, modern electronic communications leave individuals vulnerable to cyber-attacks and other forms of online criminal attacks. Additionally, online conversations may pose a physical threat to children. It also exposes people to violent materials and pornography that may become addictive and eventually a health issue. Interruptions and distractions brought about by the modern electronic communications compromise quality time and if left unchecked may damage an individual’s intelligence quotient. Another platform that has received a lot of attention lately is the use of social media in addressing health care issues and extraction of patient information readily available in the social sites. The social media outlets are widespread. An advantage of using it is that it is wide-reaching, user-centric and collaborative in nature. If health care centers embraced the platform, then an interactive channel is guaranteed as most of the users are cooperative. The social sites include blogs, wikis, videoconferencing, multimedia blogging, and the diverse websites. Traditional media usage in health care communication is well embraced due to the minimal threats contained. Traditional methods have a simple system of getting information and allow one to make informed decisions. They are simple to learn and understand. However, the traditional media cannot cover all the patients’ needs because of the lack of services and the one way channel. The traditional means is not interactive and may not always target the right audience. It does not always give accurate information and may be biased. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) created in 1996 is a charter with mandated regulations that institute standards to guard the privacy of every individual’s independently exclusive health information. Health care centers must conform to these privacy regulations and all the rules on the subject of the way health centers may or may not use or disclose protected health information (PHI). The regulations intend to shelter the identity, personality and privacy of healthcare patients. Consequently, specific aspects of the healthcare employee culture are needed to change in the manner that employees distribute information and discuss their clients. Healthcare establishments are also mandated to put into effect HIPAA fulfillment from within. This creates additional administrative and training costs. Knowledge of HIPAA effects on healthcare organizations helps to assess the costs, effectiveness, and benefits of the HIPAA regulations. Patients must make contact with the administration so that permission for healthcare providers to share information with each other is obtained. It is illegal for healthcare providers to acquire records from social networks. This only poses as a barrier to effective communication. According to this paper, communication is essential for any administrator to solve a health care crisis. Whether the health care patient in a nursing home understands the consequences of a new management or not, he or she is entitled to correct information regarding how the process will transpire. Organizations like the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) are a good establishment to protect their (patient) privacy. However, certain sections of their standard regulations need to be changed for the sake of the illiterate persons without local families and completely unaware of whether to consent to his or her information being shared. With new developments in communications, health car e providers should face smooth communications rather than the old hard system. References HIPAA Compliance Guide: http://www.hipaacomplianceguide.com/ U.S. HHS, Administrative Simplification in the Health Care Industry: http://aspe.hhs.gov/admnsimp/

An Article On Effective Technology Use - 1467 Words

Our classroom text states that â€Å"qualitative research is the collection, analysis, and interpretation of comprehensive narrative and visual data to gain insights into a particular phenomenon of interest† (Gay, Mills, Airasian, 2012, p.7). Qualitative researchers strive to establish validity by eliciting a sense of trustworthiness through neutrality and objectivity, addressing the stability of data, and fair and impartial evaluation (Saldaà ±a, 2013). Researchers favor this method due to its emphasis on observing participants in their natural environment. There are some in the research and education field that feel certain kinds of educational issues and inquiries do not lend themselves to methods that employ numerical analysis and try to control variables in very complex and controlled environments. 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