Individualism and Collectivism Culture Theories Essay -- Culture

Independence and Collectivism are two acknowledged speculations that are ordinarily utilized when managing one’s culture and political perspectives. As indicated by Kemmelmeier, H. M. furthermore, Coon, Individualism and Collectivism ideas has been utilized to â€Å"depict, explain, and imagine uniqueness in people’s feeling, conduct, standards, attribution, self observation, socialization, and communication.† Nonetheless, independence and cooperation has shared some common perspectives just as muddled positions on humankind, the demeanor of individuals, the alliance of society and the qualities of individuals in the individualistic culture. Independence and Collectivism have shared objectives, in any case they concedes to what ought to be accomplish, yet their feeling vary by they way we ought to accomplish what should be accomplished. Numerous savants has pinpointed a distinction in these two hypotheses clarifying that â€Å"societies can be differentiated alo ng an individualistic-collectivistic pivot, with those toward the individualistic end underscoring the â€Å"I† and those toward the opposite end stressing the â€Å"we† in pondering, assessing, and authorizing informative conducting.† Individualism has been related with the I-character and cooperation being related with the We-personality. In utilizing these pronouns as distinguishing proof it talks volume as what every hypothesis is about. The independence or the I-character has been sort as people that place accentuation on themselves or their close family, it has been apparent that specific nations has tried this personality, for example, The United States of America, Australia, France, and Canada. Maverick incorporate their ways of life encircle self completion and individual accomplishment; they trust in balance bu... ...fstede, G. (2009, June). Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture (Unit 17, Chapter 14).  ©International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology. Donal Carbaugh, Intercultural Theory [on-line] Available from http://eco.ittralee.ie/individual/theories_III.php#1; Internet. Lustig, Myron and Jolene Koester. 1998. Intercultural Competence: Interpersonal Communication Across Cultures (third Ed.). (Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1998), 30. Coon, H.M. and Kemmelmeier M. (2001) Cultural direction in the United States. (re) analyzing contrasts among ethnic gatherings. Diary of Cross Cultural Psychology 32, 348-364 Stella Ting-Toomey. (2005). The lattice of Face: An Updated Face-Negotiation Theory,† in William Gudykunst, Ed., Theorizing about intercultural correspondence. Sage Publications. 71-92.

Construct validity free essay sample

Whats Up with Payday Loans in Kansas City

Whats Up with Payday Loans in Kansas City What’s Up with Payday Loans in Kansas City? What’s Up with Payday Loans in Kansas City?How Many Payday Lenders in Kansas City, MO Have Been Ordered to Pay Settlements in the Past Two Years?You give up? Four. The answer is four.That’s right. In the past two years, four payday lenders lenders in the Kansas City-area have paidâ€"or at least been ordered to payâ€"financial settlements to the US government as a result of unethical business practices.So What Gives?Turns out, Kansas City, MO is something of a hub for payday lenders. In Fact, Kansas City alt weekly The Pitch has called Kansas City, “the payday-lending capital of North America.[1] These are businesses that offer short-term, high-interest loans to people who need cash and don’t have (or don’t believe they have) better options available to them.In each of these cases, it was determined that these payday lenders were taking advantage of customersâ€"usually through misleading terms, confusing loan agreements, and interest rates as high as 700%.One of these lender s, so-called “payday loan mogul” and, umm, professional racecar driver, Scott Tucker, was just handed a $1.266 billion judgment in federal court. That’s the largest settlement in Federal Trade Commission (FTC) History.Another lender, Walter Mosely Sr., whose case had not yet been decided, was arrested on the same day as Tucker on similar charges.[2] Mosely’s lending group, by the way, was called Hydra Lenders which … come on, that isn’t even subtle. If you’re going to start a predatory lending business, maybe picking the same name as the very famous bad guys from Captain America isn’t a great idea.Then there are Tim Coppinger and Ted Rowland, two payday lenders who also settled with the FTC over charges of deceptive and unethical lending. Coppinger was ordered to pay $32 million and Rowland was ordered to pay $22 million.[3]So whats being done about it?If you want to know whats going on with payday lending in America, check out whats happening in Kansas City, Mo.Sinc e Kansas City is an industry hub for payday lending, its clearly drawing a lot of attention. For instance, it is no coincidence that the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau chose Kansas City of all places to announce their new rules to crack down on predatory payday lending. If you want to know whats going on with payday lending in America, check out whats happening in Kansas City, Mo.And what is happening with payday loans in Kansas City right now is exactly what  should  be happening. The federal government is stepping in, investigating reports of abuse and issuing heavy fines to lenders who have engaged in unethical behavior. Did you know that the $1.266 billion dollar settlement against Scott Tucker the largest settlement in the FTCs history? Sounds like theyre taking this seriously.At OppLoans, we believe in being socially responsible, and in issuing loans that our customers can afford to repay. People with less-than-perfect credit deserve better than payday loans in Kansas Ci ty, and everywhere else. So for the sake of borrowers in Kansas City, and around the country, we hope to see lots more stories like these ones in the months and years to come.References:Vockrodt, S. “KC’s dethroned online payday lenders aren’t gaming the feds anymore.” Retrieved October 12, 2016 from http://www.pitch.com/news/feature-story/article/20553808/payday-lending-kansas-city-joel-tuckerMcGuire, D., Rosen, S. Campbell, M. “KCC payday lenders Scot Tucket and Richard Moseley Sr. indicted in federal crackdown.” Retrieved October 10, 2016 from http://www.kansascity.com/news/business/article59551056.htmlHudnall, D. “Unpacking the FTCs payday-lending settlement with Tim Coppinger and Ted Rowland.” Retrieved October 12, 2016 from http://www.pitch.com/news/article/20562219/unpacking-the-ftcs-paydaylending-settlement-with-tim-coppinger-and-ted-rowland

Glyph A Word With Several Meanings Across Many Disciplines

The word glyph comes from the French gylphe meaning an ornamental groove in sculpture of architecture. The term glyph has a number of meanings across different disciplines. In archeology, for instance, a glyph is a written or inscribed symbol. A good example would be the famous hieroglyphics of ancient Egypt. A glyph may be a pictogram, which conveys a particular object or action with a picture. It can also be an ideogram, where the symbol is intended to invoke an idea. The bar across the letter U on a No U-turns sign is an example of an ideogram, as it communicates that a particular action is prohibited. A glyph may also convey a sound, just as the letters of the alphabet are glyphs. Another way to use glyphs for written language is through logograms. A logogram is a sign or character representing a word or phrase. Emojis, the images commonly used in texting, are beginning to become logograms; however, the intent of each symbol is not always clear. Glyphs in Typography Typography is the art style and technique of arranging written words. Making the words legible is the key for a designer focusing on this visual component of text. In typography, a glyph is the specific shape of a letter in a particular font or typeface. The letter A looks different as represented by different typefaces, and the glyphs vary. However, the meaning of the letters remains constant throughout various typographical presentations. Accented letters and punctuation marks are examples of glyphs in typography. Glyphs for Kids Much like hieroglyphics, glyphs can be used by children as a  way to gather and depict data. For example, consider a situation where children are presented with a drawing of a shirt. The instructions  for the activity is to color the shirt a particular hue if the student is a boy or a girl. After the picture is completed, the reader of the symbol learns something about the child who created the glyph. A  legend is also a part of the activity, explaining what each shape or picture used stands for. Glyphs can be used in a range of subjects like the sciences, math, and social studies. Using glyphs is a great way to teach kids about symbols, which has wide application in various fields of study.   More Ways to Use Glyphs Glyphs aren’t limited to use in schools or for kids’ learning activities. They are often used in medicine as a way to record information. For example, doctors may use a pictorial outline of the human body to record injuries. Dentists have a picture chart of teeth that they use to draw in the location and shape of cavities and other dental anomalies. In computing and information technology, a glyph is a graphical symbol which is used to represent a character. For example, the letter A is always the letter A, and although it sounds the same whenever we pronounce it,  the glyph for the A in different fonts  doesn’t always look the same. Nevertheless, it’s recognizable as the letter A. In fact, if youve ever taken an airline flight, youve seen glyphs in the emergency cards in front of your seat. From assembling Lego models to IKEA furniture, the glyph is a helpful way to present information and guide processes.

Secure and Insecure Attachment - Paper - 1038 Words

STAGES OF ATTACHMENT Secure and Insecure Attachment Elif Ercanli Johnson County Community Collage Attachment is a lasting emotional bond between people. According to Berger (2011) it begins before birth, solidifies age, and influences relationships throughout life. The concept of attachment was originally developed by John Bowlby (1969,1973,1988), a British developmentalist influenced by psychoanalytic theory and ethology, the study of animals, a precursor to evolutionary psychology. ( Schore, 2001)Attachment theory is fundamentally a theory of the development of the personality over the lifespan (Ainsworth amp; Bowlby, 1992) Stages of Attachment Birth to 6 weeks: Preattachment. Newborns signal, via crying and body movements, that they†¦show more content†¦12 to 18 years New attachment figures. Teenagers explore and make friendships on their own, using their working models of earlier attachments as a base. With more advanced, formal operational thinking (Piaget), physical contact is less important; share ideals and goals are more influential. 18 years on Attachment revisited. Adults develop relationship with others, especially relationships with romantic partners and children, influenced by earlier attachment patterns. Past insecure attachments from childhood can be repaired rather than repeated, although this does not always happen. According to kallen attachment is classified into four types, labeled A, B, C, and D. Insecure-avoidant attachment (A) A patterns of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregivers, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver’s presence, departure, or return. Secure attachment (B) A relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver. Insecure-resistant/ambivalent attachment (type C) A pattern of attachment in which anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when an infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregivers and both resists and seeks contact on reunion. Disorganized attachment (type D) A type of attachment that is marked by an infant’s inconsistent reactions to the caregiver’s departure and return. Types A and C is characterized by fear, anxiety,Show MoreRelatedJohn Bowlby s Theory Of Attachment1423 Words   |  6 Pagestheory of attachment asserts that an infant forms an attachment to the primary caregiver to ensure survival. Developmental psychologist Mary Ainsworth furthered this idea by devising attachment styles in infants. Ainsworth believed that the quality of care given by the mother or primary caregiver results in the infant developing a secure or insecure attachment. Ainsworth identified three attachment styles, namely; secure, avoidant and anxious/ambivalent attachments. As the word infers, a secure infantRead MoreThe Effects Of Childhood Maltreatment On Children And Families1112 Words   |  5 Pagesand others are created (Marmarosh Tasca, 2013 and Snyder, Shapiro, Treleaven, 2012). These experiences are associated with the development of neural pathways in the brain that control responses to stress (Marmarosh Tasca, 2013), and impact attachments and relations hips in adulthood (Snyder, Shapiro, Treleaven, 2012). The diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has been used for nearly three decades (Kisiel, Fehrenback, Torgersen, 2014). It has been proposed that the various consequencesRead MoreThe Emotional Bond Between A Parent And Their Child1469 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Bowlby theorized attachment as the emotional bond between a parent and their child (Stevenson-Hinde, 2007). How secure this bond is can influence a variety of areas in the child’s development. A parent can secure this attachment by how they interpret and respond to their child’s needs. There are four attachment patterns that can form, secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized. A child who is secure in their attachment is able to regulate their emotions in stressful situations, exploreRead MoreThe Between Seven And 11 Months Of Age991 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween seven and 11 months of age, there is a strong show of attachment as well as an inclination towards a specific caregiver. Separation from the specific caregiver results in protests and anxiety when placed around strangers, a phenomenon Immordino-Yang and Damasio (2011) refered to as separation anxiety and stranger anxiety respectively. In the multiple attachments stage, just after nine months, children start forming emotional bonds beyond the primary figure they were previously attachedRead MoreChildhood Attachment Disorders And Its Effects On The Developing Brain1473 Words   |  6 PagesInsecure attachments in childhood can have a profound impact on the developing brain, which in turn affects an individual’s relationships, self-esteem, and self-regulation. Substance use disorders are a common response to unresolved childhood pain which is perpetuated by the inability to self-soothe and regulate one’s emotions. Those with undiagnosed attachment disorders can exhibit misguided attempts at protecting oneself through the use of substances. Studies with children suggest that reactiveRead MoreLevels Of Attachment And The Quality Of The Parent Child Relationship Essay1736 Words   |  7 Pageson levels of attachment and the quality of the parent-child relationship starting at birth and moving up through infancy. These studies have found that the infants involved in the study could be categorized as either having a secure or insecure attachment to their caregivers. Some children grow secure attachments with the caretaker from the daycare and thus have weaker relationships with their parents. Researchers have found that there could be variations on how critical the attachment is effectedRead MoreThe Measure Of Attachment Style Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesMeasure of Attachment Style Naseem Ahmad1, Azmat Jahan2, Nasheed Imtiaz3 1. Research scholar, Department of Psychology, AMU, Aligarh. 2. Research Scholar, Department of Psychology, JMI, New Delhi. 3. Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, AMU, Aligarh. __________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: __________________________________________________________________________________ This paper describes the development and standardization ofRead MoreI Will Be Using Emotion Focused Therapy1520 Words   |  7 PagesI will be using Emotion Focused Therapy, and in particular will concentrate on Attachment Theory within EFT to conceptualize Ally’s presenting difficulties that she came to therapy for. A key premise of Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT) is that emotion is foundational in the construction of the self and is a key element of self organization (Greenberg, 2004). Emotions are seen as an adaptive form of information-processing and action readiness that orients people to their environment, and promotes theirRead MoreThe Core Tenets Of Social Defense Theory Essay1156 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Despite its roots in evolutionary theory, attachment theory has long split itself into two factions: adaptive and maladaptive. For years, insecure attachment has been implicated as one of the root causes for a number of psychological concerns (Dozier, Stovall-McClough, Albus, 2008). The development of social defense theory, however, provides an entirely new interpretation of attachment – that all attachment dispositions (secure, anxious, and avoidant) have access to different cognitiveRead MoreRelationship Between Security Of Attachment And Cognitive Development1513 Words   |  7 Pagesof attachment and cognitive development creates the underlying foundation from which individual’s operate throughout the lifespan (Carruth, 2006). The security of attachment between an infant and their primary caregiver can have profound consequences for the developing brain, impacting an infant’s future relationships, self-esteem, and ability to self-regulate emotions (Carrut h, 2006). Attachment theory, first theorized by John Bowlby (1988), stresses the significance of secure attachments in relation

Caribbean Studies Free Essays

CARIBBEAN STUDIES QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS: CAPE 2005 MODULE ONE: CARIBBEAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE 1. Identify the geographical sub-region to which St Lucia, Grenada and Antigua belong. (1 mark) – The Lesser Antilles 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Caribbean Studies or any similar topic only for you Order Now Name the chain of islands in the Caribbean which is located entirely in the Atlantic Ocean. (1 mark) * The Bahamas * 3. Explain what is meant by a ‘historical’ definition of the Caribbean region. (2 marks) * This describes those islands that saw the impact of colonialism, slavery and indentureship 4. Identify TWO of the boundaries of the ‘geological’ Caribbean. 2 marks) * North- the line of the Greater Antilles * East – the line of Lesser Antilles * South – a line through Trinidad, Northern Venezuela and Colombia * West – the Western pacific Coast of Central America 5. Outline TWO different interpretations of the term culture. (4 marks) * Culture defines and characterizes aspects of lifestyles that may be peculiar to a particular society * Culture refers to the beliefs of a group of people 6. List TWO ways in which the term ‘society’ can be defined. (2 marks) * People having a shared common purpose People occupying a define d territorial space * Citizens within a defined space 7. Describe TWO problems that may arise in Caribbean society because of hybridization. (6 marks) * Hybridization can lead to the creation of new cultures, when two or more cultures come into contact with each other. * Hybridization may lead to two or more cultures trying to claim cultural, economic or political space * Some races may assume a sense of superiority over races, based on the old plantation system and social stratification. 8. Describe TWO responses of Caribbean people to oppression. 4 marks) * Creation of Trade Unions * Migration – intra Caribbean and extra regional * Crime and Violence * Riots * Active Resistance – disobedience, revolts, rebellions and revolutions 9. Explain ONE way in which religion has impacted on Caribbean people. (2 marks) * Religion was used as a means of retaining ancestral links * It was a decisive element in multi- religious societies, for example, Trinidad and Guyana (Christia n, Hindu and Moslem) * It was a factor used in the expansion of education in Caribbean territories. In the aftermath of emancipation, many primary schools were opened by missionaries and religious organizations and today they continue to work. * Religion offered a source of comfort or a source of empowerment while experiencing violence, oppression and genocide 10. Describe TWO ways in which the Cuban residents in the United States impact on American politics. (4 marks) * They formed pressure groups to coerce Washington to continue to enforce the economic blockade against Cuba. * A large population of Cubans in Miami influence voting and governance in the US. They actively supported the Helms Burton Act of 1996 which seeks to establish and maintain international sanctions against the Castro government and plan for a transitional government leading to a democratically elected government 11. Explain ONE way in which Caribbean migrant labour impacts on the economies of the countries of North America. (2 marks) * Helps to keep wages very low as a very large amount of migrants keep wages at minimum wage levels MODULE TWO: ISSUES IN CARIBBEAN DEVELOPMENT 12. Explain what is meant by ‘development’. 2 marks) * Development is the ability of a country to advance economically, measured by changes in its per capita income as well as by the human development index which includes life expectancy and educational attainment. 13. List TWO indicators of development. ( 2 marks) * National income * Levels of unemployment 14. Identify TWO factors that influence development. (2 marks) * Distribution of wealth * Political ideologies * Gender equality * Natural disasters * Impact of the productive sector – investment 15. Explain the term ‘globalisation’. (2 marks) 16. Identify ONE international organization that facilitates globalization. (1 mark) 17. State One effect of globalization on EACH of the following: Labour, Trade, Ideology 18. Identify TWO challenges faced by either Carifta or The West Indies Federation. ( 2 marks) CARIFTA * Unemployment rates and poverty * Leadership issues: Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago * Inabilty to implement regional decisions * Wide disparity among members in terms of per capita income WEST INDIES FEDERATION Disputes over movement of people from one country to another * Insularity/ parochialism * Leadership issues: Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago * Federal Government had no power 19. State how EACH of the following institions has contributed to development of the region: CTO: Caribbean Tourism Organisation * Creation of a single voice in the international arena * Provision of a sound body of knowledge through data collection, collation and research * De velopment and promotion of regional travel tourism programmes to and within the Caribbean * Provision of a sound body of knowledge 20. How to cite Caribbean Studies, Essay examples Caribbean Studies Free Essays Today, education programs at all levels face intense criticism, and physical education programs are no exception. In fact, as school budgets shrink and administrators cut â€Å"frills,† physical education may be one of the first programs to go. If we are to secure a place for physical education in the school curriculum, we must answer two questions: (1) What are the physical, psychological, and intellectual effects of physical education upon the total development of the child? and (2) Given these effects, can physical education be considered a frill? What are the physical benefits of physical education? Recent research has shown that degenerative diseases begin in early childhood. We will write a custom essay sample on Caribbean Studies or any similar topic only for you Order Now As Kaercher (1 98 1) wrote, â€Å"There’s increasing evidence in youngsters of high cholesterol in the blood, high blood pressure, obesity and other conditions that are associated with heart disease, stroke and other disorders† (p. 20). Bucher (1982) stated that medical specialists blame deaths due to heart disease, cancer, and stroke largely on â€Å"changes in lifestyle characterized by factors over which doctors have little or no control† (p. 13). Research suggests that regular physical activity, begun in childhood, may help prevent degenerative diseases. According to Hanson (1974), â€Å"The necessity of physical activity for a growing child is well-documented in terms of growth and fitness needs. Physical activity increases muscle tone, improves respiration and circulation, benefits digestion, aids in controlling obesity, promotes rehabilitation after illness and surgery, and stimulates proper growth and development. Physical benefits alone could be sufficient reason for supporting physical education programs†¦ † (p. 2). And Reiff (1977, p. 26) reported that high school students involved in an eight-week program of physical activity showed gains in fitness. In addition, Fentem and Bassey (1982) pointed out that â€Å"Exercise is a valuable adjunct to dietary control in prevention and treatment of obesity because it increases energy expenditure and improves energy balance† (p. 2). Studies indicate that children in free play settings will not engage in physical activity vigorous enough to produce physical benefits or enhance health, thus supporting the need for physical education (Reiff 1977, p. 6). What are the psychological/social benefits of physical education? Physical activity enhances a person’s life both socially and psychologically. Studies have shown that physical activity may modify anxiety and depression (Sachs 1982, p. 44). Layman (1972, p. 5) gave evidence that poor physical condition predisposes individuals to poor mental health. Hanson (1974, p. 2) stated that â€Å"physical activity contributes to the general feeling of well-being †¦. It is an avenue for expression of anger, aggression and happiness . . a means for discovery of self as well as a social facilitator. † Moreover, according to Espenschade (1960), â€Å"The status of the elementary school child with his peers is dependent to a great extent on his motor skills and his behavior in game situations† (p. 3). Clarke (1982, p. 10) added to these statements, suggesting that the child’s realization of personal and social effectiveness relies heavily on guidance within the physical education experience. Guidance helps the individual adopt desirable modes of behavior and improve interpersonal relationships. What are the mental//intellectual benefits of physical education? Research shows a positive relationship between physical activity and academic achievement. In one study, begun in 1951 in an elementary school in Vanves, France, the school day was divided so that four hours were devoted to academics and one to two hours to physical education, art, music, and supervised study (Bailey 1976). By 1960, not only were health, fitness, discipline, and enthusiasm superior in the experimental program, but academic performance also surpassed controlled classes. Similar experiments in Belgium and Japan produced comparable results (Carlson 1982, p. 68), illustrating the importance of physical education to a successful academic program. How does physical education affect children’s development of wholesome recreation habits? The importance of wise use of leisure time was supported as early as 1918 in the Seven Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education (National Education Association). Children need recreational skills and a positive attitude toward exercise to enhance their use of leisure. Indeed, â€Å"Research indicates that motor skills learned in physical education classes may be the stimulus for increased activity during leisure time (Seefeldt 1977, p. 3). Gilliam and others demonstrated that physical education programs involving vigorous activities encourage participants to use leisure time more actively (p. 3). Thus, physical education can play a major role in promoting an active, healthy lifestyle. How to cite Caribbean Studies, Essay examples

Approaches Of Three Theorists Regarding The Symbolism Of Hair

Question: Discuss about the Comparison Of The Approaches Of Three Theorists Regarding The Symbolism Of Hair. Answer: According to the theorist Sir James George Frazer in his book, The Golden Bough, it has been stated that it is global notion that an individual might be bewtiched through the ways relating to the cuttings of his hair or the parings of nails. The common suggestion regarding which the resting of superstition occurs is associated with the sympathetic association expected to exist within an individual as well as everything that has once been part of his body or in any manner had a close association with him. They are belonging that part of branch of sympathetc magic that might be referred being infectious. In the ancient times, dread of sorcery did the formation of one of the most significant traits of the Marquesan islanders (Nanda 2014). The sorcerer used to take some of the hair of the person he wanted to injure, did its warpping in a leaf and did the placement of the packet within a bag made of fibres or threads that were constricted in a complicated manner. The intention of a Maori sorcerer having the intention on bewitching a person sought to receive a strand of the hair of his victim, the parings of nails or a slice of the persons cloth. After collecting the material, the sorcerer used to do the chanting of certain spells as well as curses over it through a falsetto voice as well as concealed it under ground (Millar 2014). With the dacaying of the matter, the individual whose part it was, was supposed to get wasted away. In the same manner, within Germany it is a common concept that when an individuals cut hair is found by a bird, and the latter does the building of their nests with it, the individual will be suffering from headache, at times it is thought that he will be having an outbreak on the head. There occurs similar prevailing of superstition, or was prevailing in West Sussex. It was seen in New Zealand that the uttering of a spell was done regarding hair-cutting for averting thunder as well as lighting. In the Tyrol, witches are expected to do the using of cut hair for making hailstones or thundestorms with (Lewis 2017). Within Scotlands Highlands, it has been stated that any sister should not be combing her hair in the night time when her brother is travelling in the ocean. A fundamental problem in regard to the aspect of interpreting a ritual is associated with the fact that the participants in every society might not have the ability to provide an overt definition of the meaning regarding symbols that should be having an involvement. There is a huge significance of symbols as well as acts of symbol that is common towards a broad assortment of cultural aspects. Whilst any specific symbol is having different meanings from society to another, it can be found out that these meanings are recurring in a constant manner (Rapport 2014). Dr. Leach did the examination of the association amongst the importance of symbolism within personal subliminal stage, as observed by a psychoanalyst, Dr. Charles Berg, as well as the importance regarding symbolism in respect of social custom, as the ethnographers have construed. The specific symbolism type that is used by him as the basis of discussion is considered to be the hypothesis of Berg stating that there is a fundamental symbolic uniformity within the hair in the head as well as genitals of men within the subliminal stage, such that the hair cutting is similar to castration (Lewin 2016). While yielding that rituals are not reflecting an individuals psychological condition regarding performance, but rather that the structural aspect of the social circumstance will be requiring th actor in making official symbolic statements of a specific type, Leach still finds the hypothesis of Berg in regard to the aspect of head shaving at bereavement that the loss of a dear one will be is similar to castration as well as hair loss to be having appropriate meaning in relation to the aspect of making explanations regarding the origin of the symbolism primarily (Knauft 2013). Now, the exact reason as to why individuals should be reacting towards the anguish by shaving their hair off as well as doing their mutilation is with a doubt, agreeable to psychological explanations, but there exists no major reason of linking it with castration. It can be frequently found out in the ethnographical literature which states hair is having close relations with the soul. For instance, by refering Frazer once more, it can be stated that, according to the Siamese, it is believed that a spirit known as khuan is dwelling within the head of a human, of which its considered being the guardian spirit. The spirit must have careful protection from various injuries, therefore the process to shave or cut hair is associated with various rites, as well as it also has been cited by Frazer various instances showcasing the sacred trait of the head and subsequently the weird characteristic regarding hair of the head (Khan 2014). Magic is considered being another well-known ritual regarding the use of hair that is treated, in addition to nail pairings as well as secretions of the body, as symbolically similar to the indivdual from whose body they have come. Leach had concern of showing that the equation of Berg regarding head hair was similar to genitals, which had relevance in describing about certain ethnographical statements (Holbraad 2014). Primarily, there occurs continuous growth of hair as well as nails and this is considered being a key motive why they should get considered being particularly bestowed with vigour. Blood as well as semen, in respect of various reasons, are also considered being the sources of vigour regarding primitive thought. However, such considerations will not be getting applied to body dirt or nasal mucus. It can therefore be considered as to why hair is being selected as the symbol of the entire individual in magic (Hewlett 2016). It is bestowed with excellent vitality, and it i s falling as well into the broader segment of extensions regarding the individual. Leach provides a brief explanation regarding the aspect that the tonsure of a monk is considered being a familiar scenario regarding the religious life in Christianity and it also does the supporting of the theoritical aspect that shaven head is similar to celibacy. However, the monk do the taking of 3 vows, amongst which chastity is considered being the only one, and the others are considered being poor condition as well as submission (Haviland 2013). The monk, obviously, is not the only individual under the institutional lifes regulation who did the cutting of his hair short. The soldiers as well as the prisoners are also considered to be the individuals who cut their hair short. Therefore, the cropped hair or tonsure regarding all the three scenarios relating to the monk, soldier as well as convict does the signifying of the fact that they are under discipline. In contrast to such groups, three segments of individuals might be taken into consideration within the Western society, who are basically accredited with long hair, such as the scholars, juvenile rebels in opposition to society as well as women. Its not very tough considering the fact that in different manners these indivduals, in certain respects less subject towards social controlling in comparison to the average individual (Ferraro 2015). The scholar is considered being an individual who is, due to his personal choices, stay aloof from the concerns regarding the daily life, or might remain positively antagonistic as well as decisive towards the society. However, the scenario of women requires a little further explanation. Primarily, it can be stated that women are conventionally having concern regarding domestic matters and not regarding the functioning of the overall society, and secondlly, they have been regarded being administered by their emotional aspects, such as being incre asingly whimsical as well as less predictable in comparison to men (Fassin 2013). It is obviously, considered being true that in previous times, men were having long hair, however in those times, the hair of women has been even longer. Long hair as a result, is considered recurrently to be the symbol of being in certain way out of the society, and there is, on the other hand, a trait that is mostly related with being external to the society, which is considered being animality. The Bible, again, offers significant assistance in respect of the relation within hairiness as well as different scenarios of animality, but very less regarding the hypothesis of Leach. Esau, who hunted wild beasts, was a hairy individual, whereas his brother Jacob was a herdsman, who dwelled in tents, considered being a clean person. In Deuteronomy, it is recommended that female war prisoners, if considered being wives, shall be required paring their nails as well as shaving their heads (Eller 2016). From the Book of Judges, it can be found out that the strength of Samson resided in his hair, and while being shorn, he is considered being as feeble as any other individual. Another very clear example that can be cited regarding the relation o f hairiness as well as the separation from society regarding the state of nature is the explanation of how King Nebuchadnezzar was defeated and forced to become a recluse. In regard to the command of St. Pauls, it has been stated that women should be covering their heads inside the church. This might be considered being a sign of the authority of the husband (Bonvillain 2017). It can also be stated that in certain scenarios, the head as well as the hair might be having a clear sexual importance. For instance, it is apparent that the account of Onians regarding Greek as well as Roman beliefs regarding the body states that head was considered to be the semens source, in the shape of cerebro-spinal fluid, and that the hair indicated sexual vitality (Bernard 2014). Nevertheless, he also makes it clear that these ideas were originated from the aspect of observing the human as well as animal physiological aspect, as well as not the suppressed functionings regarding their subliminal minds, and the same is right regarding the discussion of Hershman regarding the heads as well as hairs sexual symbolism within the Hindu as well as Sikh Punjabis. The major deficit relating to the hypothesis of Leach isnt that its applicable to a much narrower variety of statements than he is leading us towards presuming, but that regarding its personal view, in which social standing is having blatant relation with hair as well sex, it does not succeed in providing any justification as to why long hair is related with ascetics as well as with individuals such as Samson, and why short hair is having an association with the soldiers as well as monks (Bennett 2014). The positive aspect to treat symbolism as about the world, to a certain extent than about the subliminal, is that the associtions within symbols as well as the world are empirically provable, and it is therefore, having the possibility for doing the evaluation of varied explanations regarding a specific piece of symbolism in respect of how effectively they will be fitting the piece of evidences. Leachs paper is dealing with all the three distinctive but interconnected concerns such as the the association within the public expression as well as private impetus, the utilization of sexuality in respect of religious ends as well as the phalic trait regarding hair, despite the fact that it is expressly concerned with the association within public, rituals that are social as well as private, personal explanation, and his paper is having a direct engagement with the psychoanalytic argument that Charles Berg has articulated in his book, The unconscious significance of hair. The argument that was cited by Berg was that the cutting of hair as well as other practices associated with hair does the representation of an intrapsychic struggle within the instinct drives as well as the castrating efforts relating to the suppressive forces. Differently speaking, there exists a cause and effect association that proceeds from the personal, intrapsychic stimulus towards its public expression. Le ach is arguing against this analysis as well as against the consequent psychoanalytic shift towards the behavioural aspect that is considered to be conflate pyschoneurotic with public sacrament. References Bennett, J.W., 2014.The ecological transition: cultural anthropology and human adaptation. Elsevier. Bernard, H.R. and Gravlee, C.C. eds., 2014.Handbook of methods in cultural anthropology. Rowman Littlefield. Bonvillain, N., 2017.Cultural anthropology. Pearson. Eller, J.D., 2016.Cultural anthropology: global forces, local lives. Routledge. Fassin, D., 2013. Why ethnography matters: On anthropology and its publics.Cultural Anthropology,28(4), pp.621-646. Ferraro, G., 2015.Classic readings in cultural anthropology. Cengage Learning. Haviland, W.A., Prins, H.E., McBride, B. and Walrath, D., 2013.Cultural anthropology: the human challenge. Cengage Learning. Hewlett, B.S., 2016. Evolutionary cultural anthropology: containing Ebola outbreaks and explaining hunter-gatherer childhoods.Current Anthropology,57(S13), pp.S27-S37. Holbraad, M., Pedersen, M.A. and de Castro, E.V., 2014. The politics of ontology: Anthropological positions.Cultural Anthropology,13. Khan, A., 2014. Journey to the center of the earth: The Caribbean as master symbol.Cultural Anthropology,16(3), pp.271-302. Knauft, B.M., 2013.Genealogies for the present in cultural anthropology. Routledge. Lewin, E., 2016. Whos Queer? Whats Queer? Queer Anthropology through the Lens of Ethnography.Cultural Anthropology,31(4), pp.598-606. Lewis, I., 2017.Social and cultural anthropology in perspective: Their relevance in the modern world. Routledge. Millar, K., 2014. The precarious present: Wageless labor and disrupted life in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.Cultural Anthropology,29(1), pp.32-53. Nanda, S. and Warms, R.L., 2014.Cengage Advantage Books: Culture Counts: A Concise Introduction to Cultural Anthropology. Cengage Learning. Rapport, N., 2014.Social and cultural anthropology: The key concepts. Routledge